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Author Topic: 货币需求 在货币经济学中 Money Demand  (Read 41 times)

需是

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on: January 06, 2024, 06:57:54 AM
货币需求 在货币经济学中

在货币经济学中,货币需求是指以货币形式持有金融资产的期望:即现金或银行存款,而不是投资。它可以指狭义的货币需求 M1(可直接消费的资产),也可以指广义的货币需求 M2 或 M3。

M1 意义上的货币主要作为价值储存手段(即使是临时的),由生息资产来承担。然而,M1 是进行交易所必需的;换句话说,它提供流动性。这就产生了持有货币以备近期支出的流动性优势和暂时持有其他资产的利息优势之间的权衡。M1 的需求是这种权衡的结果,即一个人应该以何种形式持有待消费的资金。在宏观经济学中,以 M1 形式持有财富的动机大致可以分为交易动机和预防动机。对广义货币概念 M2 中那些具有非平凡利率的部分的需求基于资产需求。这些可以进一步细分为持有货币的更微观的动机。

通常,名义货币需求随着名义产出水平(价格水平乘以实际产出)的增加而增加,随着名义利率的降低而减少。实际货币需求定义为名义货币需求量除以价格水平。对于给定的货币供应量,货币需求等于货币供应量的收入-利率对轨迹称为 LM 曲线。

货币需求波动的幅度对于中央银行实施货币政策的最佳方式及其对名义锚的选择具有至关重要的影响。

在凯恩斯理论中,LM 曲线平坦的条件(即货币供应量的增加没有刺激作用(流动性陷阱))起着重要作用。当货币需求相对于利率具有无限弹性时,就会发生这种情况。

对 M1(可直接消费的货币余额)的需求的交易动机源于近期日常交易对流动性的需求。当收入只是偶尔(比如每月一次)以离散金额收到但支出连续发生时,就会产生这种需求。

约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯在阐述持有货币的投机原因时,强调了货币和债券之间的选择。如果代理人预期未来名义利率(债券回报率)低于当前利率,那么他们将减少货币持有量并增加债券持有量。如果未来利率下降,那么债券价格将上涨,代理人将从购买的债券中获得资本收益。这意味着任何时期的货币需求都将取决于当前名义利率和预期未来利率(除了取决于收入的标准交易动机之外)。

当前货币需求可能取决于对未来利率的预期,这一事实对货币需求的波动性有影响。如果这些预期是由“动物精神”形成的,正如凯恩斯所认为的那样,它们很可能会反复无常地变化,导致货币需求非常不稳定。

投资组合动机还关注对货币的需求,超过进行交易所需的需求。基本框架由詹姆斯·托宾提出,他考虑了这样一种情况,即代理人可以以低风险/低回报资产(这里指货币)或高风险/高回报资产(债券或股票)的形式持有财富。代理人将根据风险预期回报权衡选择这两种资产的组合(他们的投资组合)。对于给定的预期回报率,风险规避程度更高的个人将选择更大的投资组合份额。同样,考虑到一个人的风险规避程度,更高的预期回报(名义利率加上债券的预期资本收益)将导致代理人从安全货币转向风险资产。与上述其他动机一样,这在名义利率和货币需求之间建立了负相关关系。然而,托宾模型中另外重要的是主观风险规避率,以及其他资产的客观风险程度,比如,通过持有债券和/或股票所产生的资本收益和损失的标准差来衡量。



 

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