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Author Topic: 天量信贷重来,然后呢?  (Read 1024 times)

EnLong12

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on: February 21, 2019, 12:01:54 PM
天量信贷重来,然后呢?

更新于2019年2月18日 07:17徐瑾:2019注定是宽松的一年,但这一次宽松的结果,却很难比拟往昔的结果;历史不会简单重复两次,单靠货币宽松无法实现复苏。



春节刚过,货币宽松的苗头重新呈现,新增社会融资规模远超四万亿,创下历史记录。2月15日,根据中国人民银行数据,2019年1月新增社会融资规模和新增人民币贷款规模分别达到4.64万亿元和3.23万亿元,同比分别多增1.56万亿元和3300亿元。这些新增的社会融资来自哪里?根据央行数据,对实体经济发放的人民币贷款增加3.57万亿元,同比多增8818亿元;对实体经济发放的外币贷款折合人民币增加343亿元,同比多增77亿元;委托贷款减少699亿元,同比少减10亿元;信托贷款增加345亿元,同比少增52亿元;未贴现的银行承兑汇票增加3786亿元,同比多增2349亿元;企业债券净融资4990亿元,同比多3768亿元;地方政府专项债券净融资1088亿元,同比多1088亿元;非金融企业境内股票融资293亿元,同比少207亿元。由此可见,新增贷款占据大头,未贴现汇票和债券业务也出现大幅增加。有朋友在公号《徐瑾经济人》问怎么看,我觉得一言以蔽之,银行想送钱,企业想拿钱。银行的压力,更多也是来自经济下行的压力。信贷宽松的趋势,这一次看起来也波及一些中小企业,根据FT近期对36家中小企业的调查发现信贷有所松动,45%的受访者表示很容易获得银行抵押贷款。然而,这种影响更多是表面,银行对抵押要求和贷款审核要求并没有放松,从一些银行业者的反馈来看,虽然有普惠金融等口号,但在银行内部对于中小企业热情目前并不算高,一方面以抵押贷为主,一方面低风险的票据业务成为主要增量。货币政策今年宽松是板上钉钉,但从数量来看,1月很可能成为顶点。问题在于,宽松是否可以改变经济下行趋势?答案是很难。近年来金融市场一直苦于没有好的投资品,去杠杆政策推行之后以前隐藏的违约压力有所浮现,不仅非标准化产品(如各类P2P产品)雷声阵阵,标准化的信用债与银行贷款的违约率也在提升。银行挣扎于资产荒,其本质在于实体经济的困境。从银行角度而言,每年年初银行都有抢先放贷的冲动,以求早日获利(贷款利息),顺理成章,而资产荒只会增强银行这样的冲动。从企业角度而言,庞大资产规模与低下回报率的矛盾,让他们一直有储备流动性的需求。两边需求共振,1月社融冲量事成必然。货币政策可以在经济繁茂的时候踩下刹车,或者在经济低落时候加大油门,但是本质上无法改变经济的整体趋势,很大程度上只能视为对冲。当前信贷数据狂飙背后,其实是工业利润的放缓,典型表现之一1月份中国CPI、PPI均表现不佳,1月份官方PPI仅同比上涨0.1%,为2016年9月以来最低。从业界看重的PMI指数(Purchasing Managers' Index,采购经理指数)而言,低于50就是经济荣枯分界线,而财新经季节性调整的2019年1月制造业PMI降至48.3。从草根信息看同样有所印证,不少中小企业年前已破例提前放假,往年春节总被议论的民工荒已经成为往事,即使新经济的典范滴滴之类在年后也传出裁员2000新闻。宽松货币政策,在民间一直有大水漫灌的批评,但是在2008年金融危机之后成为潮流,无论美国还是日本都竞相开始宽松。初看起来,货币宽松好像为美国和日本都带来了不同程度复苏,但这一结论这可能忽视了与货币政策配套的财政政策以及结构改革。以宽松与否在评论货币政策是否正确,并不合适,正如仅从货币政策来评价经济政策应对,也不全面。更进一步,宽松货币政策本身的有效性,其实也存在争议。以日本为例,安倍晋三2012年底上台后特推出安倍经济学,其中之一就是宽松货币政策,政策目标是2%的通胀目标,日本央行这些年为此一直努力,购买了大量国债。遗憾的是,五年过去了,虽然日本经济有所复兴趋势,但是2%这一政策目前尚未实现,甚至货币对于日本经济效果到底如何,也有不同意见。日本前任央行行长白川方明在2008担任央行行长,他在2013年提前离职,2018出版了一本著作谈及自己在日本央行的39年生涯。在接受日本媒体采访时候,他公开表示如果将金融宽松政策与物价及汇率紧密挂钩,继续被迫无休止地购买国债,那么会让财政已经恶化的日本陷入“财政支配”状态,更无从保障经济和金融体系的稳定。换而言之,所谓的“直升机撒钱”并不能真的带来繁荣,一位大企业的老总曾经对白川方明说“每次听到只要撒钱就能搞好经济这种论调时,总觉得自己奋斗一生的工作的价值遭到了否定”,他认为这体现了“健全感觉”。这种企业家与其表现出的健全感觉,恰恰才是经济复兴的核心。货币是现代经济核心,货币政策也日渐成为专业人士的领域,但这并不意味着货币政策可以脱离实体经济,在虚空之中制造财富,在其领域之外施展魔力。回到中国,2019注定是宽松的一年,但这一次宽松的结果,却很难比拟往昔的结果,历史不会简单重复两次,人不可能幸运地连着避开两次同样的坑。单靠货币宽松无法尽其全功,只能拖延颓势,所需要的结构化改革才应该是大戏主角。如果主角迟迟未上台,而太早就把手中的政策工具用完,未来面临的压力恐怕难以乐观。注:本文代表作者本人观点,作者亦为经济人读书会创始人,更多可见公号徐瑾经济人(ID:econhomo)。

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