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Author Topic: “涂黑脸”是种族歧视吗?  (Read 987 times)

SuHaiJack

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on: February 14, 2019, 12:01:02 PM
“涂黑脸”是种族歧视吗?

SHUHUA TANG2019-02-13 17:21:00
 关键词:Blackface (白人)涂黑脸为了扮演黑人而将脸涂成黑色,你认为这种做法有问题吗?近日,美国弗吉尼亚州两名民主党高官就因为“涂黑脸”而深陷丑闻,引发巨大争议。本月初,弗吉尼亚州州长拉尔夫·诺瑟姆(Ralph Northam)因其在1984年医学院年鉴纪念册中的一张照片而被指种族歧视,照片中一人涂着黑脸假扮黑人,另一人则装扮成3K党(美国奉行白人至上主义的民间团体)成员。紧接着,该州司法部长马克·赫林(Mark Herring)也被爆出曾有涂黑脸的“黑历史”。时报在就此事的报道中这样写道:“……司法部长马克·赫林周三承认,还是本科生的他曾在一场聚会上涂黑脸,这加深了一场席卷该州民主党领导层的危机。”“……Attorney General Mark R. Herring, acknowledged Wednesday that he had worn blackface at a party as an undergraduate student, deepening a crisis that has engulfed the state’s Democratic leadership.”
1948年拉尔夫·诺瑟姆在医学院年鉴个人页上的一张照片,照片中一人打扮成3K党成员的样子,另一人涂着黑脸。
根据剑桥词典,此处的blackface意为“涂黑脸”,特指白人为了让自己看上去像黑人,而将自己涂黑的化妆术。该词源于19世纪的黑脸滑稽剧(blackface minstrelsy),这种表演形式当时在美国广为流行——白人演员在脸上涂抹黑色的油彩、故意穿上宽大或破烂的服装,他们模仿黑人的口音、表演黑人歌舞、弹奏乐器,以博众人一乐。黑脸滑稽剧流行时,美国尚未正式废除奴隶制,南方种植园内黑奴的悲惨命运被掩盖在了滑稽剧轻松的嬉笑怒骂之下。而由于社会地位低下,黑人及黑人社群无法向主流社会展示自我,他们的形象一直被黑脸滑稽剧中塑造的刻板印象所取代——穿着廉价、身材肥硕、缺乏修养。因此,黑人民权运动兴起之后,黑脸滑稽剧饱受诟病、渐渐失宠,并被认为是不尊重且具有冒犯性的。21世纪以来,白人“涂黑脸”这种极具象征性的行为也转变为种族歧视的代名词,站在了“政治正确”的对立面。除了弗吉尼亚州两位民主党高官,奢侈品牌古驰(Gucci)近日也因“涂黑脸”中招,其推出的一款针织套衫因黑色领口可覆盖下半张脸而在社交媒体引发争议,使得官方紧急下架产品并发布道歉声明。一系列丑闻都体现出,由于其背后的种族歧视问题,“涂黑脸”已经成为美国主流社会的一大“禁区”。但在美国以外的一些地方,这种观念并没能深入人心。去年春节,央视春晚一则关于中非关系的小品就因使用涂黑脸的演员和装成动物的非洲男子招致激烈抨击。批评者认为,中国与非洲和世界的接触已经很深,其官方电视台做出如此无知的争议举动是不可接受的。而一些中国学者则认为,“涂黑脸”只是为了扮演,这在中国的文化标准里并非一种种族歧视。你对“涂黑脸”怎么看?你认为这是种族歧视吗?欢迎来信与我们分享你的观点,也欢迎对“每日一词”这个栏目提出意见和建议。我们的读者信箱地址是:cn.letters@nytimes.com。

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