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Author Topic: 1929 年华尔街股市崩盘  (Read 407 times)

者大量

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on: January 01, 2025, 03:03:33 PM
1929 年华尔街股市崩盘

股市崩盘是指股票市场主要板块的股价突然大幅下跌,导致账面财富大量损失。崩盘是由恐慌性抛售和潜在的经济因素引起的。它们通常伴随着投机和经济泡沫。

股市崩盘是一种社会现象,外部经济事件与群体心理相结合,形成一个正反馈循环,一些市场参与者的抛售会促使更多市场参与者抛售。一般来说,崩盘通常发生在以下情况下:股价长期上涨(牛市)和过度的经济乐观,市盈率超过长期平均水平的市场,以及市场参与者大量使用保证金债务和杠杆。战争、大型企业黑客攻击、联邦法律法规的变化以及经济生产地区的自然灾害等其他因素也可能导致各种股票的市值大幅下跌。尽管股市崩盘,与受影响公司竞争的公司的股价可能会上涨

股市崩盘没有具体的数字定义,但该术语通常适用于股票市场指数在几天内下跌超过 10% 的情况。崩盘通常与熊市(以月或年为单位衡量的股市价格下跌期)不同,因为崩盘包括恐慌性抛售和突然、剧烈的价格下跌。崩盘通常与熊市有关;然而,它们不一定同时发生。例如,黑色星期一(1987 年)并没有导致熊市。同样,日本资产价格泡沫破裂持续了数年,没有出现任何显著的崩盘。股市崩盘并不常见。

崩盘通常是出乎意料的。正如尼尔·弗格森所说,“在经济崩溃之前,我们的世界似乎几乎静止不动,看似平衡,处于一个固定点。因此,当经济崩溃最终来临时——这是不可避免的——每个人都会感到惊讶。我们的大脑一直在告诉我们,现在还不是崩溃的时候

在咆哮的二十年代,经济大部分时间都在增长。这是一个技术黄金时代,无线电、汽车、航空、电话和电力传输网等创新技术得到了部署和采用。率先实现这些进步的公司,包括美国无线电公司 (RCA) 和通用汽车,股价飙升。金融公司也表现不俗,华尔街银行家推出了共同基金公司(当时称为投资信托),如高盛交易公司。投资者对股票市场的回报着迷,尤其是通过保证金债务使用杠杆(即从股票经纪人那里借钱来为你购买的部分股票提供资金,并使用购买的证券作为抵押品)。

1921 年 8 月 24 日,道琼斯工业平均指数 (DJIA) 报 63.9。到 1929 年 9 月 3 日,该指数已上涨 6 倍多,达到 381.2。此后 25 年,该指数才恢复到这一水平。到 1929 年夏天,经济明显萎缩,股市经历了一系列令人不安的价格下跌。这些下跌加剧了投资者的焦虑,事件在 10 月 24 日、28 日和 29 日(分别称为黑色星期四、黑色星期一和黑色星期二)达到顶峰。

黑色星期一,道琼斯工业平均指数下跌 38.33 点至 260 点,跌幅 12.8%。大量抛售淹没了通常为投资者提供其股票当前价格的股票行情系统。电话线和电报被堵塞,无法应对。这种信息真空只会导致更多的恐惧和恐慌。新时代的技术,以前曾受到投资者的热烈欢迎,现在却加深了他们的痛苦。

第二天,黑色星期二,是混乱的一天。由于追加保证金,过度扩张的投资者被迫清算股票,向交易所发出大量卖单。当天道琼斯指数下跌 30.57 点,收于 230.07 点。那个时代的魅力股票价值暴跌。在这两天里,道琼斯工业平均指数下跌了 23%。

到 1929 年 11 月 11 日周末结束时,该指数为 228 点,较 9 月高点累计下跌 40%。市场在接下来的几个月里反弹,但这只是暂时的复苏,导致毫无戒心的投资者进一步亏损。道琼斯工业平均指数下跌了 89%,最终于 1932 年 7 月触底。股市崩盘之后,随之而来的是大萧条,这是近代最严重的经济危机,整个 20 世纪 30 年代,股市和华尔街都受到困扰。



 

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