文革专家马若德：照亮那个难以理解的时代JANE PERLEZ2019-02-14 16:02:232012年的马若德。他曾当过记者，也曾一度任英国议员，但把职业生涯献给了理解中国。
BEIJING — Roderick MacFarquhar, a consummate scholar of Communist China whose writing on Mao’s power politics influenced how people around the world understood China, died on Sunday in Cambridge, Mass., where he had long taught at Harvard University. He was 88.北京——马若德(Roderick MacFarquhar，又译罗德里克·麦克法夸尔) 是一位研究共产主义中国的杰出学者，他关于毛泽东权力政治的著作影响了世界各地的人对中国的理解，他于周日在马萨诸塞州坎布里奇去世，享年88岁，他生前长期在坎布里奇的哈佛大学任教。His son, Rory, said the cause was heart failure.他的儿子罗里(Rory)说，死因是心力衰竭。Professor MacFarquhar specialized in the origins of the Cultural Revolution, the decade of turmoil that terrorized China beginning in 1966. His three-volume work, “The Origins of the Cultural Revolution,” came to be considered a classic.马若德教授专门研究文化大革命的起源。在这个从1966年开始的10年里，中国一直处于动荡不安状态。他的三卷本著作《文化大革命的起源》(The Origins of the Cultural Revolution)被视为经典之作。The research for those books, which were based on dense official texts, public speeches and Mao’s own words, opened a world hidden to the West and illuminated an era of China’s past that still seems almost unfathomable.这些书中的研究基于大量官方文本、公开的讲话和毛泽东自己的话，它们打开了一个对西方隐藏起来的世界，把中国一个似乎仍然难以理解的时代照亮。At Harvard, Professor MacFarquhar taught history and political science, and was known there for his wit and informality. In one class he asked his teaching assistants to pose as Red Guards, Mao’s paramilitary youth, and act out boisterous self-criticism sessions. He then coaxed the class to shout over and over, “Mao Zedong, Wan Sui!” — “10,000 years for Mao!” — so that everyone felt the fervor of the movement that shook China. The “CultRev” class packed the biggest lecture hall on campus.在哈佛大学，马若德教授负责讲授历史和政治学，他以机智和不拘常规而闻名。在一堂课上，他让他的助教们扮成毛泽东的准青年军“红卫兵”，进行激烈的自我批评。然后，他哄着全班同学一遍又一遍地喊“毛主席万岁”，让每个人都感受到那场震撼中国的运动的激情。他的“文革课”令学校最大的报告厅人满为患。“Rod was a thinker — he studied big questions, and big ideas,” said Minxin Pei, a historian on China and one of his early students. “He was very interested in political purges, and the Cultural Revolution was one of the biggest political purges ever.”“马若德是个思想家——他研究大问题、大思想，“研究中国历史的学者、其早期的学生裴敏欣(Minxin Pei)说。“他对政治清洗非常感兴趣，文化大革命是有史以来最大的政治清洗活动之一。”Unlike many historians who dwelled on the violence of the Red Guards after the outbreak of the Cultural Revolution, Professor MacFarquhar concentrated on the elite factional fighting that started in the 1950s.与许多研究“文革”爆发后红卫兵暴力行为的历史学家不同，马若德专注于始于1950年代的精英派系斗争。He had worked as a journalist and served as a member of Parliament in Britain for five years in the 1970s, jobs that instructed him in the workings of politics.他曾是一名记者，70年代在英国议会担任了五年议员，这些工作帮助他了解政治运作。By concentrating on Mao’s brutal political chess-playing, Mr. Pei said, Professor MacFarquhar helped illustrate the leader’s state of mind and laid bare the calamity of the Cultural Revolution, which nearly ruined the country.裴敏欣说，通过专注研究毛泽东残酷的政治博弈，马若德教授阐明了这位领导人的思想状态，揭露了文化大革命这场几乎摧毁了中国的灾难。Though his work put China under hard scrutiny, and though he made clear that he thought some kind of democracy was best for the country, Professor MacFarquhar was not viewed as aiming to undermine the Communist Party.尽管马若德的研究对中国进行了严格的审视，而且他明确表示，他认为某种形式的民主对中国是最好的，但人们并不认为他的目的是削弱共产党。
2016年，马若德在哈佛大学费正清中国研究中心。“若德是个思想家——他研究大问题、大思想，”一位同事说。
He was able to keep contact with his peers in China, including academics and editors of the official government newspaper, People’s Daily, when they visited the United States and streamed into his Harvard office, said Michael A. Szonyi, director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies at Harvard, with which Professor MacFarquhar was long affiliated.哈佛大学费正清中国研究中心主任宋怡明(Michael A. Szonyi)说，他能够与中国同行保持联系，包括学者和官方报纸《人民日报》的编辑，他们访问美国时，会涌进他在哈佛大学的办公室。马若德在该中心长期任职。One Chinese professor, Tang Shaojie of Tsinghua University, who attended Professor MacFarquhar’s lectures at Harvard in 2003, called him a “giant” in the study of Chinese history and noted that the study of the Cultural Revolution for many years had occurred outside China.清华大学教授唐少杰曾于2003年在哈佛大学听过马若德教授的讲座。他称马若德是中国历史研究领域的“巨人”，并指出，多年来对文化大革命的研究都发生在中国以外。“And where was it studied? In the United States,” he said in a statement on Tuesday. “Specifically at Harvard University. And more specifically by Professor MacFarquhar.”“在什么地方研究？在美国，”他在周二的一份声明中说。“特别是在哈佛大学。特别是马若德教授。”Professor MacFarquhar was never barred from visiting China, though on one occasion he surprised his hosts at the Central Party School of the Communist Party by devoting his talk to sensitive topics.马若德教授从未被禁止访问中国，尽管有一次，他在中共中央党校发表演讲时，专门谈论敏感话题，令东道主感到意外。“Today I am going to talk about two dates, May 4 and June 4,” he told the audience, who froze in silence, according to Mr. Pei. On May 4, 1919, students took to the streets of Beijing to denounce the government as unpatriotic. On June 4, 1989, troops who had shot their way into downtown Beijing broke up student protests at Tiananmen Square, leaving hundreds dead and thousands injured. After the lecture, his hosts calmly took Professor MacFarquhar to dinner, though they did not discuss the lecture, Mr. Pei said. “今天我要讲两个日期，5月4日和6月4日，”据裴敏欣说，他当时对默默僵住的观众这样说道。1919年5月4日，学生们走上北京街头，谴责政府卖国。1989年6月4日，军队开进北京市中心驱散了天安门广场的学生抗议活动，沿路造成数百人死亡，数千人受伤。裴敏欣说，讲座结束后，主讲人平静地请马若德吃饭，不过他们没有讨论讲座。Professor MacFarquhar was director of the Fairbank Center from 1986 to 1992, and again from 2005 to 2006. Under his watch, the center attracted a diverse set of people curious about China — businessmen, diplomats, journalists — who sought debate as well as scholarship as an avenue to understanding a country that was increasingly important to the United States.马若德教授于1986年至1992年担任费正清中国研究中心主任，2005年至2006年再次担任这个职务。在他的领导下，这个中心吸引了各种各样对中国充满好奇的人——商人、外交官、记者——他们希望通过辩论和学术研究来了解这个对美国越来越重要的国家。After the 1989 crackdown, he accepted Wang Dan, the student who had led the protests on Tiananmen Square, to study at the Fairbank Center.1989年镇压事件后，他接收了曾领导天安门广场抗议活动的学生王丹到费正清中心学习。He was “my doctoral tutor, my closest teacher, the West’s authoritative voice on the study of China’s Cultural Revolution,” Professor Wang said on Monday.他是“我的博士导师、我最亲近的老师、西方研究中国文化大革命的权威声音”，王丹周一说。The Chinese government allowed the first two volumes of Professor MacFarquhar’s Cultural Revolution trilogy, covering 1956-1957 and 1958-60, to be translated into Chinese for publication in China in the 1980s.1980年代，中国政府允许马若德的《文革三部曲》的前两卷（分别涉及1956-1957年和1958-1960年）翻译成中文在中国出版。By the time the last volume, covering 1961-66, came out in English in the late 1990s, the political atmosphere had soured in the aftermath of the Tiananmen protests, and the book never went to press in China.及至1990年代末，讲述1961-1966年的最后一卷英文版面世时，政治气候因天安门事件的影响而恶化，于是这一卷从未在中国出版。Roderick Lemonde MacFarquhar was born on Dec. 2, 1930, in Lahore, then a major city in British-ruled India, the son of Sir Alexander and Berenice (Whitburn) MacFarquhar. His father was a member of the British Indian Civil Service.马若德1930年12月2日出生于拉合尔(Lahore)，当时是英属印度的一座主要城市。父母分别为亚历山大·麦克法夸尔爵士和贝蕾妮丝（惠特本）·麦克法夸尔。他的父亲是英国驻印度公务员。Roderick made a first, fleeting trip to China at age 7 — visiting a snow-clad Great Wall — when he accompanied his parents on a round-the-world ship voyage. He went to a Scottish boarding school and graduated with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics from Keble College, Oxford University, in 1953.马若德7岁时曾首次短暂在中国旅行——攀登了积雪覆盖的长城——当时他和父母一起乘船进行环球航行。他后来就读于苏格兰一所寄宿学校，并于1953年从牛津大学基布尔学院(Keble College)毕业，获哲学、政治学和经济学学位。Wanting to be a journalist, he briefly worked at The Telegraph of London. But to do well in journalism he believed he needed a specialty.由于想当记者，他曾短暂效力于伦敦的《每日电讯报》(The Telegraph)。但要在新闻行当干得出色，他认为自己需要一个专长领域。From his childhood, he knew a lot about India, and that seemed an obvious choice. However, “I felt too many people knew about it,” he said in an interview in 2017 posted by the University of Cambridge in England on its website.从童年起，他就对印度了解颇多，那也似乎是个显而易见的选择。然而，“我感觉知道这块的人太多了，”他在2017年的一个采访中说，那篇采访发表在英国剑桥大学网站上。The Communist revolution had recently occurred in China. “People would need to know about that,” he said, “so I would learn about China.”近期中国发生了共产主义革命。“人们需要了解这个，”他说，“于是我想要了解中国。”He never, he said, “had a misty feeling about Ming vases or anything like that.”他说，他从未“对明代花瓶或任何类似东西有过隐隐的感觉”。Professor MacFarquhar became affiliated with the Fairbank Center after its founder, Professor John K. Fairbank, had in 1955 started taking a handful of students to study Chinese language, history and politics.在费正清中心创始人费正清(John K. Fairbank)1955年开始招收少量学生研究中国语言、历史和政治之后，马若德成为了其中一员。After receiving his master’s degree in East Asian studies that year, Professor MacFarquhar went on to write his first book, on Mao’s Hundred Flowers Campaign of the mid-1950s, which had given intellectuals a brief period of greater freedom.那一年获得东亚研究硕士学位后，马若德开始着手撰写他的第一部著作，关于毛泽东在1950年代中期发起的“百花齐放”运动，它给知识分子带来一段更为自由的时期。In 1960 he founded The China Quarterly, an academic journal on Chinese politics and economics published by the University of Cambridge. He briefly merged his two passions, politics and China, with a trip to China in 1972 as part of the entourage of the British foreign secretary, Alec Douglas-Home.1960年，他创立了《中国季刊》(The China Quarterly)，这部关于中国政治与经济的学术期刊由剑桥大学出版。1972年，他随同时任英国外交大臣的亚历克·道格拉斯－霍姆(Alec Douglas-Home)出访中国，短暂地将他热爱的两个领域结合在了一起：政治和中国。He was elected to Parliament as a Labour candidate in 1974 but was defeated in Margaret Thatcher’s conservative tide of 1979. He joined the Harvard faculty about five years later.1974年，他作为工党候选人被选入英国下议院，后在1979年玛格丽特·撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher)的保守主义浪潮中败选。大约五年后，他进入哈佛大学任教。He died in a Cambridge hospital. In addition to his son, Rory, who is director of global economic policy at Google, Professor MacFarquhar is survived by his wife, Dalena Wright; a daughter, Larissa MacFarquhar, a writer for The New Yorker; and two granddaughters. His first wife, Emily Jane (Cohen) MacFarquhar, a journalist, died in 2001.马若德去世于美国坎布里奇一家医院。他身后除在谷歌任全球经济政策主管的儿子罗里外，还有遗孀芮泰来(Dalena Wright)，在《纽约客》(The New Yorker)任撰稿人的女儿拉里莎·麦克法夸尔(Larissa MacFarquhar)，及两名孙女。他的第一任妻子艾米丽·简（科恩）·麦克法夸尔[Emily Jane (Cohen) MacFarquhar]是一名记者，于2001年去世。Professor MacFarquhar had in the last several years turned to writing a book on India. But he was always asked about China and its future. One thing seemed certain, he said: The Communist Party will not last forever.过去几年里，马若德转向去写一本关于印度的书。但他总是被问及中国及其未来。有一点似乎是确定的，他说：共产党不会永远存在下去。“I do foresee the Communist Party fading,” he said in the 2017 interview. “How it will happen I’ve not got the slightest idea. The idea that the party knows best, and only the party can rule, I think it will disappear. Whether it will disappear by some kind of new revolution or just gradually fade away, I don’t know.”“我的确预见到共产党在弱化，”他在2017年的那篇采访中说。“它将如何发生我一点儿也不知道。那种认为共产党最了解情况，也是唯一能治理的政党的想法，我认为会消失。至于它是随着某种新的革命消失或只是渐渐消退，我不知道。”Jane Perlez是《纽约时报》北京分社社长。储百亮对本文有报道贡献、Luz Ding对本文有研究贡献。翻译：李建芳、晋其角点击查看本文英文版。
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文革专家马若德：照亮那个难以理解的时代
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