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Author Topic: 美国不能允许中国继续主导太阳能产业  (Read 358 times)

SuHaiJack

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美国不能允许中国继续主导太阳能产业

ROBERT HOLLEYMAN2022年7月11日中国张家口的太阳能板和风力发电机。 Greg Baker/Agence France-Presse, via Getty ImagesA robust solar energy industry in the United States is crucial to the nation’s goal of a low-carbon future. But the prospects for solar energy are not looking bright these days, because the United States has allowed China to dominate the industry. Failure to create a strong domestic solar manufacturing industry leaves the United States and our carbon-reduction goals not just dependent on China, but also vulnerable should China block or threaten to block its solar exports as a form of retaliation in the future.一个强大的美国太阳能产业对于国家实现低碳未来的目标至关重要。但如今太阳能的前景并不乐观,因为美国任由中国主导该行业。美国未能建立强大的国内太阳能制造业,使美国以及其碳减排目标不仅依赖于中国,而且如果中国将来以阻止或威胁阻止其太阳能出口的方式进行报复,美国将处于弱势。The United States was once a global leader in both solar innovation and manufacturing — we invented photovoltaic technology in the 1950s to power satellites and spacecraft. And we retained our undisputed leadership in solar for decades. But lately we have seen our solar industry get crushed as a direct consequence of China’s huge state subsidies to its manufacturers beginning in the 2000s.美国曾经是太阳能创新和制造领域的全球领导者——我们在1950年代发明了光伏技术,为卫星和航天器提供动力。几十年来,我们在太阳能领域保持了无可争议的领导地位。但是最近,我们看到我们的太阳能产业被压垮了,这是中国从2000年开始向其制造商提供巨额政府补贴的直接后果。Since then the U.S. share of solar component shipments worldwide fell to less than 1 percent in 2021 from 13 percent in 2004. China’s share of the production of solar components has increased over the past two decades from virtually nothing to nearly 85 percent today. For some solar components, that could rise to 95 percent in the coming years, according to a report this week from the International Energy Agency. Simply put, the United States did not provide enough support to its solar companies, which could not compete in the face of China’s state-directed strategy to control the market.从那时起,美国在全球太阳能组件出货量中的份额从2004年的13%下降到2021年的不到1%。过去20年里,中国在太阳能组件生产中的份额从几乎为零增加到今天的近85%。根据国际能源署本周的一份报告,对于某些太阳能组件而言,未来几年这一比例可能会上升到95%。简而言之,美国没有对其太阳能企业提供足够的支持,在中国国家主导的市场控制战略面前没有竞争力。President Biden has called for measures aimed at increasing U.S. manufacturing of solar photovoltaic modules and components. Although the declaration from the White House never mentioned China by name, China and its market-distorting subsidies were at the heart of the orders. Mr. Biden certainly knows that the United States must not remain dependent on an unreliable third party and economic adversary for our national energy security.拜登总统呼吁采取旨在提高美国太阳能光伏模块和组件产量的措施。尽管白宫的声明从未点名中国,但中国及其扰乱市场的补贴是这些命令的核心原因。拜登当然知道,美国绝不能继续依赖一个不可靠的第三方和经济对手来保障我们的国家能源安全。Even as Mr. Biden called for investing in solar production, he took steps that furthered American reliance on China, at least in the short term. The Commerce Department has been investigating whether Chinese solar manufacturers are circumventing U.S. trade laws through third-party countries; even so, this administration declined to use trade enforcement by placing a moratorium on new duties for up to two years. As a result, the United States will effectively look the other way even if it is determined that imports from Southeast Asia are a result of Chinese tariff evasions. This decision to forgo enforcement might help solar installers in the short term, but it is a significant gamble since it is not accompanied by the essential elements needed to build our domestic solar industry.就在拜登呼吁投资太阳能生产的同时,他也采取了其他措施,至少在短期内将进一步加深美国对中国的依赖。商务部一直在调查中国太阳能制造商是否通过第三方国家规避美国贸易法;即便如此,本届政府拒绝进行贸易执法,两年内暂停新关税。因此,即使美国知道中国因逃税而将产品转经东南亚进口,也会睁一只眼闭一只眼。放弃执法的决定可能在短期内对太阳能安装商有所帮助,但这是一场重大的赌博,因为它并不涉及建立我们国内太阳能产业所需的基本要素。To end our dependence on China, we must grow American solar production, and so Congress must reach a deal on a spending agreement that provides resources for large-scale clean energy development as well as solar manufacturing tax credits.为了结束对中国的依赖,我们必须增加美国的太阳能生产,因此国会必须就一项支出协议达成一致,为大规模清洁能源开发提供资源以及提供太阳能制造税收抵免。U.S. solar manufacturers claim that they could meet the entire projected solar deployment by 2030 if Congress passes clean energy funding and solar manufacturing tax credits. These investments would create an entirely domestic solar supply chain producing 100 percent American-made panels. Otherwise, we will perpetuate our dependence on Chinese solar imports and forever handicap American solar production.美国太阳能制造商声称,如果国会通过清洁能源资金和太阳能制造税收抵免,他们就可以在2030年之前将计划的太阳能部署全部完成。这些投资将创建一个完整的国内太阳能供应链,生产100%的美国制造太阳能板。否则,我们将长期依赖中国太阳能进口,并永远阻碍美国太阳能生产。Unfortunately, for the moment, the administration is giving up on enforcement and continuing our reliance on foreign solar while waiting for Congress to approve legislation to promote domestic manufacturing. If the Commerce Department finds that China is indeed illegally rerouting photovoltaic modules through Southeast Asia, President Biden will effectively be accepting potential trade violations and forgoing the imposition of penalties. This would give China a pass at the very moment when efforts to hold China accountable on trade, forced labor in the supply chain and national security are ramping up. And should Congress fail to act to spur the development of American solar manufacturing, our dependency on artificially cheap Chinese imports will grow. 不幸的是,目前,在等待国会批准促进国内制造的立法时,政府放弃了执法,继续依赖外国太阳能。如果商务部发现中国确实在通过东南亚非法出口光伏组件,拜登总统实际上是在接受潜在的贸易违规行为并放弃实施处罚。在美国加大追究中国对贸易、供应链中的强迫劳动和国家安全的责任之际,这样做等于给中国开了绿灯。如果国会未能采取行动刺激美国太阳能制造业的发展,我们对补贴导致低价的中国进口产品的依赖将会增加。Failure to establish our own supply chains would be akin to the United States switching from relying on OPEC and Russia for energy to relying on China. Aside from the consequences of the leading solution to unabated climate change being subject to the whims of a foreign power that doesn’t play by the rules, Americans will be shut out of the high-quality manufacturing solar jobs that will come about from this transition.如果不能建立我们自己的供应链,美国就相当于从依赖OPEC和俄罗斯的能源转向依赖中国的能源。气候变化有增无减,而主要解决方案受制于一个不遵守规则的大国,除此之外,这个行业的转变将促成高质量的太阳能制造业工作,而美国人将被排除在外。In a matter of months, we will know whether the Biden administration’s gamble pays off. Sept. 30 is the deadline for the Senate to pass a reconciliation bill that includes clean energy funding and solar manufacturing tax incentives. But whatever happens, one thing is clear: The White House and Congress cannot perpetuate America’s dependency on Chinese imports at the cost of American jobs and renewable-energy security.  再过几个月,我们就会知道拜登政府的这场赌博是否值得了。9月30日是参议院通过包括清洁能源资金和太阳能制造税收优惠在内的一项和解法案的最后期限。但无论发生什么,有一点都很清楚:白宫和国会不能继续让美国依赖中国进口产品,后者的代价是牺牲美国的就业和可再生能源安全。Robert Holleyman在2014至2017年担任奥巴马政府的美国贸易副代表。 翻译:纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。

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