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人工智能竞争中,中国人才培育赶超美国

孟建国, CADE METZ2024年3月22日2023年7月,上海,世界人工智能大会。中国在人工智能教育方面进行了大量投资。 Agence France-Presse — Getty ImagesWhen it comes to the artificial intelligence that powers chatbots like ChatGPT, China lags behind the United States. But when it comes to producing the scientists behind a new generation of humanoid technologies, China is pulling ahead.在为ChatGPT这样的聊天机器人提供动力的人工智能方面,中国落后于美国。但在培养新一代仿人技术背后的科学家方面,中国已经开始领先。New research shows that China has by some metrics eclipsed the United States as the biggest producer of A.I. talent, with the country generating almost half the world’s top A.I. researchers. By contrast, about 18 percent come from U.S. undergraduate institutions, according to the study, from MacroPolo, a think tank run by the Paulson Institute, which promotes constructive ties between the United States and China.新的研究表明,从某些指标来看,中国已经超越美国成为人工智能人才的最大出产国,几乎培养了全球一半的顶尖人工智能研究人员,相比之下,约18%研究人员来自美国本科院校。该研究来自保尔森基金会旗下的麦克罗波洛智库,保尔森基金会是一家致力于促进中美之间建设性关系的机构。The findings show a jump for China, which produced about one-third of the world’s top talent three years earlier. The United States, by contrast, remained mostly the same. The research is based on the backgrounds of researchers whose papers were published at 2022’s Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems. NeurIPS, as it is known, is focused on advances in neural networks, which have anchored recent developments in generative A.I.研究结果表明,中国培养的人才数量出现跃升,三年前,中国培养的人才约占世界顶尖人才的三分之一。相比之下,美国基本保持不变。这项研究基于2022年神经信息处理系统大会上发表论文的研究人员的背景。该会议主要关注神经网络方面的进展,而神经网络是生成式人工智能最近发展的基础。The talent imbalance has been building for the better part of a decade. During much of the 2010s, the United States benefited as large numbers of China’s top minds moved to American universities to complete doctoral degrees. A majority of them stayed in the United States. But the research shows that trend has also begun to turn, with growing numbers of Chinese researchers staying in China.人才失衡的现象已经持续了将近十年。在2010年代的大部分时间里,美国受益于大量中国顶尖人才前往美国大学攻读博士学位。他们当中大多数人留在美国。但研究显示,这一趋势也开始发生转变,越来越多中国研究人员留在了中国。What happens in the next few years could be critical as China and the United States jockey for primacy in A.I. — a technology that can potentially increase productivity, strengthen industries and drive innovation — turning the researchers into one of the most geopolitically important groups in the world.随着中国和美国争夺人工智能领域的领先地位,未来几年的发展可能至关重要——人工智能技术有可能提高生产率、增强产业实力并推动创新——从而使研究人员成为地缘政治意义上全球最重要的群体之一。Generative A.I. has captured the tech industry in Silicon Valley and in China, causing a frenzy in funding and investment. The boom has been led by U.S. tech giants such as Google and start-ups like OpenAI. That could attract China’s researchers, though rising tensions between Beijing and Washington could also deter some, experts said.生成式人工智能让硅谷和中国的科技行业趋之若鹜,引发了融资和投资狂潮。谷歌等美国科技巨头以及OpenAI等初创公司引领了这股热潮。专家们说,这可能会吸引中国的研究人员,尽管北京与华盛顿之间日益紧张的关系也可能使一些人望而却步。(The New York Times has sued OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright infringement of news content related to A.I. systems.)(《纽约时报》起诉了OpenAI和微软侵犯其人工智能系统相关新闻内容的版权)。China has nurtured so much A.I. talent partly because it invested heavily in A.I. education. Since 2018, the country has added more than 2,000 undergraduate A.I. programs, with more than 300 at its most elite universities, said Damien Ma, the managing director of MacroPolo, though he noted the programs were not heavily focused on the technology that had driven breakthroughs by chatbots like ChatGPT.中国培养了如此多的人工智能人才,部分原因是中国在人工智能教育方面投入了巨资。麦克罗波洛智库的主任马旸说,自2018年以来,中国新增了2000多个本科人工智能项目,其中300多个在最精英的大学,不过他指出,这些项目并没有把重点放在那些推动ChatGPT等聊天机器人取得突破的技术上。“A lot of the programs are about A.I. applications in industry and manufacturing, not so much the generative A.I. stuff that’s come to dominate the American A.I. industry at the moment,” he said.他说:“很多项目都是关于人工智能在工业和制造业中的应用,而不是目前主导美国人工智能产业的生成性人工智能。”中国菏泽,李楼煤业一个使用了人工智能技术的监控摄像头。While the United States has pioneered breakthroughs in A.I., most recently with the uncanny humanlike abilities of chatbots, a significant portion of that work was done by researchers educated in China.虽然美国在人工智能领域率先取得了突破性进展,最近的成果是聊天机器人不可思议的类人能力,但其中很大一部分工作是由在中国接受教育的研究人员完成的。Researchers originally from China now make up 38 percent of the top A.I. researchers working in the United States, with Americans making up 37 percent, according to the research. Three years earlier, those from China made up 27 percent of top talent working in the United States, compared with 31 percent from the United States.研究显示,目前在美国工作的顶尖人工智能研究人员中,来自中国的研究人员占38%,美国人占其中37%。三年前,在美国工作的顶尖人才中,来自中国的研究人员占27%,美国研究人员占31%。“The data shows just how critical Chinese-born researchers are to the United States for A.I. competitiveness,” said Matt Sheehan, a fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace who studies Chinese A.I.“这些数据表明,中国出生的研究人员对美国的人工智能竞争力有多么重要,”卡内基国际和平基金会研究中国人工智能的研究员马特·希恩说。He added that the data seemed to show the United States was still attractive. “We’re the world leader in A.I. because we continue to attract and retain talent from all over the world, but especially China,” he said.他还说,这些数据似乎表明美国仍具吸引力。“我们是人工智能领域的世界领导者,因为我们继续吸引和留住来自世界各地的人才,尤其是中国的人才,”他说。Pieter Abbeel, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and a founder of Covariant, an A.I. and robotics start-up, said working alongside large numbers of Chinese researchers was taken for granted inside the leading American companies and universities.加州大学伯克利分校教授、人工智能和机器人初创企业Covariant创始人彼得·阿比尔表示,在美国顶尖公司和大学内部,与大量中国研究人员一起工作被视为理所当然。“It’s just a natural state of affairs,” he said.“这是很自然的情况,”他说。加州大学伯克利分校教授、人工智能和机器人初创企业创始人彼得·阿比尔说,在美国公司和大学,与中国研究人员共事被视为理所当然的。 Balazs Gardi for The New York TimesIn the past, U.S. defense officials were not too concerned about A.I. talent flows from China, partly because many of the biggest A.I. projects did not deal with classified data and partly because they reasoned that it was better to have the best minds available. That so much of the leading research in A.I. is published openly also held back worries.过去,美国国防官员并不太担心来自中国的人工智能人才,部分原因是许多大型人工智能项目并不与机密数据打交道,还有部分原因是他们认为能够拥有最优秀的人才是最好的。此外,许多人工智能领域的领先研究也是公开发表的,这也打消了他们的担忧。Despite bans introduced by the Trump administration that prohibit entry to the United States for students from some military-linked universities in China and a relative slowdown in the flow of Chinese students into the country during Covid, the research showed large numbers of the most promising A.I. minds continued coming to the United States to study.特朗普政府曾颁布禁令,禁止中国一些与军方有联系大学的学生进入美国,此外,新冠疫情期间,中国学生进入美国的人数相对减少,但研究显示,大量最有前途的人工智能人才继续来到美国学习。But this month, a Chinese citizen who was an engineer at Google was charged with trying to transfer A.I. technology — including critical microchip architecture — to a Beijing-based company that paid him in secret, according to a federal indictment.但本月,根据一份联邦起诉书,一名曾担任谷歌工程师的中国公民被指控试图将人工智能技术(包括关键微芯片架构)转移到一家总部位于北京的公司,该公司秘密向他支付了报酬。The substantial numbers of Chinese A.I. researchers working in the United States now present a conundrum for policymakers, who want to counter Chinese espionage while not discouraging the continued flow of top Chinese computer engineers into the United States, according to experts focused on American competitiveness.关注美国竞争力的专家表示,在美工作的中国人工智能研究人员人数众多,这给政策制定者提出了一个难题,他们既想打击中国间谍活动,又不想阻止中国顶尖计算机工程师继续涌入美国。“Chinese scholars are almost leading the way in the A.I. field,” said Subbarao Kambhampati, a professor and researcher of A.I. at Arizona State University. If policymakers try to bar Chinese nationals from research in the United States, he said, they are “shooting themselves in the foot.”“中国学者在人工智能领域几乎处于领先地位,”亚利桑那州立大学教授、人工智能研究者苏巴拉奥·坎巴迈帕蒂说。如果政策制定者试图阻止中国公民在美国进行研究,他们就是在“搬起石头砸自己的脚”,他说。The track record of U.S. policymakers is mixed. A policy by the Trump administration aimed at curbing Chinese industrial espionage and intellectual property theft has since been criticized for errantly prosecuting a number of professors. Such programs, Chinese immigrants said, have encouraged some to stay in China.美国政策制定者的过往记录好坏参半。因为错误起诉一些教授,特朗普政府旨在遏制中国工业间谍活动和知识产权盗窃的政策受到了批评。中国移民表示,此类计划鼓励了一些人留在中国。For now, the research showed, most Chinese who complete doctorates in the United States stay in the country, helping to make it the global center of the A.I. world. Even so, the U.S. lead has begun to slip, to hosting about 42 percent of the world’s top talent, down from about 59 percent three years ago, according to the research.研究显示,目前,大多数在美国完成博士学位的中国人都留在美国,这有助于美国成为全球人工智能中心。研究显示,即便如此,美国的领先地位也已经开始下滑,目前它拥有全球约42%的顶尖人才,低于三年前的59%。孟建国(Paul Mozur)是时报全球科技记者,常驻台北。此前,他自香港、上海和首尔报道亚洲科技与政治的交叉议题。点击查看更多关于他的信息。Cade Metz撰写有关人工智能、无人驾驶汽车、机器人、虚拟现实和其他技术新兴领域的新闻。点击查看更多关于他的信息。翻译:纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 人工智能竞争中,中国人才培育赶超美国

2
悲观蔓延、感觉就像“千刀万剐”:“23条”后香港何去何从

DAVID PIERSON, TIFFANY MAY2024年3月20日香港的城市天际线。为了重振这座城市,政府将重点放在了安全问题上。 Louise Delmotte/Associated PressOnce one of Asia’s most high-flying cities, Hong Kong is now grappling with a deep pessimism.香港曾是亚洲最繁华的城市之一,如今却陷入了深深的悲观情绪之中。The stock market is in the tank, home values have tumbled and emigration is fueling a brain drain. Some of the hottest restaurants, spas and shopping malls that local residents are flocking to are across the border, in the mainland Chinese city of Shenzhen.股市低迷,房价暴跌,移民加剧了人才流失。当地居民趋之若鹜的一些大热餐馆、水疗中心和购物中心位于边境另一边的中国内地城市深圳。“It pains me to say Hong Kong is over,” Stephen Roach, an economist and a former chairman of Morgan Stanley Asia long known for his optimism about the city, wrote in a recent commentary in The Financial Times.经济学家、摩根士丹利亚洲区前主席斯蒂芬·罗奇长期以来对香港的乐观一直广为人知,他在《金融时报》最近发表的一篇评论文章中写道:“香港完了,这样说我很难过。”The government needs to revive Hong Kong’s economy and promote its global image, but it has instead largely focused on national security. It moved with unusual speed on Tuesday to pass a package of updated and new security laws aimed at curbing foreign influence and dissent with penalties like life imprisonment for treason and other political crimes. The legislation could deter even more foreign businesses, already a shrinking presence, from investing in Hong Kong.香港政府需要重振经济并提升其国际形象,却在很大程度上把重点放在了国家安全方面。本周二,港府以异乎寻常的速度通过了一揽子更新及全新的安全法案,旨在遏制外国影响和不同政见,对叛国罪和其他政治犯罪可处以终身监禁等刑罚。这些法律可能会阻止更多的外国企业在香港投资,而这些企业在香港的存在本已经日渐萎缩。The malaise hanging over Hong Kong is partly a consequence of its status as a bridge between China and the West, with the city’s growth dragged down by the mainland’s sputtering economy and China’s tensions with the United States. 萎靡情绪之所以笼罩香港,部分原因与这座城市作为中国与西方之间桥梁的地位有关,如今香港的经济增长受到内地经济衰退以及中美紧张关系的拖累。But at the heart of Hong Kong’s troubles is a crisis of identity, as the city’s Beijing-backed officials push the once freewheeling city away from the West and embrace the top-down political culture and nationalistic fervor of President Xi Jinping’s China.但香港问题的核心是身份认同危机,北京支持的香港官员将这个曾经自由自在的城市推离西方,改为接受习近平主席领导的中国自上而下的政治文化和民族主义热情。“People are very unhappy for all kinds of reasons,” said Emily Lau, a veteran pro-democracy politician and former lawmaker who now hosts an interview show on YouTube. “Of course, the authorities will not admit it publicly, but I think they know it.”“出于各种原因,人们非常不满,”资深民主政治人士和前立法者、现在YouTube频道主持访谈节目的刘慧卿说。“当然,当局不会公开承认这一点,但我认为他们是知道的。”Hong Kong, a former British colony, had been promised a degree of autonomy from Beijing after it returned to Chinese rule in 1997, with freedoms unseen in the mainland. But after massive antigovernment demonstrations engulfed the city for months in 2019, Beijing imposed a sweeping national security law on Hong Kong in 2020 that the authorities used to crush the pro-democracy opposition with ferocity.香港曾是英国殖民地,1997年回归中国统治后,曾被承诺从北京那里获得一定程度的自治权,享有内地所没有的自由。但在2019年大规模反政府示威席卷香港长达数月之后,北京于2020年对香港实施了一项全面的国家安全法,当局利用这项法律对民主反对派进行了猛烈镇压。2019年8月,抗议者和警察发生冲突。In the Chinese Communist Party’s telling, the protests were fueled by Western forces seeking to undermine Chinese sovereignty. John Lee, the city’s Beijing-backed leader and a former police officer, casts Hong Kong as a city still besieged by subversive foreign forces.在中国共产党看来,西方势力试图破坏中国主权,于是煽动了抗议活动。北京支持的香港特首李家超曾是一名警官,他将香港描述成一个仍被外国颠覆势力围困的城市。Mr. Lee says the new security laws will eliminate such threats and be “the strongest foundation for Hong Kong’s prosperity and stability.”他表示,新的安全法将消除此类威胁,成为“香港繁荣稳定最坚实的基础”。Mr. Lee and Chinese officials have argued that such laws are long overdue. The Basic Law, the city’s mini constitution, calls for Hong Kong to retain its own political and economic system for 50 years, but also requires it, under Article 23, to pass its own internal security laws. The government first tried to enact such Article 23 laws in 2003 but backed down after hundreds of thousands of residents took to the streets in protest, fearing the legislation would limit civil liberties.李家超和中国官员认为,这样的法律早就应该出台了。香港的小宪法《基本法》要求香港在50年内保留自己的政治和经济制度,但它也要求香港根据其第23条通过自己的安全法。2003年,香港政府首次试图制定根据第23条的法律,但在数十万居民走上街头抗议、担心立法会限制公民自由后,政府放弃了这一计划。With the security laws in place, officials now say, the government can focus on other needs, like reviving the economy.官员们现在表示,有了安全法,政府可以专注于其他需求,比如振兴经济。But it is unclear if Hong Kong can retain the dynamism and vitality that drove its prosperity at a time when Beijing’s control is so overt. The new rules also raise questions about how the boundaries have shifted.但目前尚不清楚的是,在北京的控制如此公开的情况下,香港能否保持推动其繁荣的活力和生机。新规定还引发了有关界限如何转变的问题。“Xi Jinping knows Article 23 will damage Hong Kong’s reputation as a financial center,” said Willy Lam, an analyst of Chinese politics at the Jamestown Foundation in Washington. “He knows Beijing needs Hong Kong for foreign investment, foreign exchange and stock market listings. But he is a totally ideological leader. It is far more important to him that he demonstrate his power, flex his muscles and emasculate all opposition in Hong Kong.”“习近平知道,第23条将损害香港作为金融中心的声誉,”华盛顿詹姆斯敦基金会的中国政治分析师林和立说。“他知道,中国政府需要香港进行外国投资、外汇交易和股票上市。但他是一个完全意识形态化的领导人。对他来说,更重要的是展示自己的权力,展示自己的力量,削弱香港的所有反对派。”2003年7月,数十万香港民众走上街头抗议“第23条”。To visit Hong Kong today and scratch beneath the surface is to view a city that is vastly different from the vibrant, sometimes raucous political culture that existed before the current crackdown.如今来到香港,透过表面向内深入,可以看到一个与打压前充满活力、有时喧闹的政治文化截然不同的城市。Now, government critics and opposition lawmakers languish in jail. Jimmy Lai, a pro-democracy media tycoon, is standing trial on national security charges. Independent news organizations have been forced to close. Civil servants and public schoolteachers are being told to take loyalty oaths and pass national security tests.现在,政府的批评者和反对派议员都在监狱里受苦。支持民主的传媒大亨黎智英正因国家安全指控受审。独立新闻机构被迫关闭。公务员和公立学校教师被要求宣誓效忠并通过国家安全测试。In this new environment, even sports cannot escape politics. Last month, an outcry erupted in Hong Kong after the soccer star Lionel Messi sat out an exhibition match against a team of local players because of an injury. The government had promoted the Inter Miami match, for which many tickets had sold for hundreds of dollars each, as a way to help generate excitement in the city.在这种新环境下,即使是体育也无法摆脱政治的影响。上个月,足球明星梅西因伤缺席了一场与本地球队的表演赛,引发了香港的强烈抗议。政府宣传了这场与国际迈阿密队举行的比赛,声称这场比赛有助于激发这座城市的激情,许多门票高达数千元。But when Mr. Messi stayed on the bench, disappointing fans, officials and Chinese state news media suggested that he had been used by the United States in a conspiracy to embarrass Hong Kong. Mr. Messi later posted a video clip on social media denying the allegations and professing his affection for China, footage that some internet users said looked akin to a hostage video.但梅西一直坐在替补席上,失望的球迷、官员和中国官方新闻媒体认为他被美国利用,参与了一场让香港难堪的阴谋。梅西后来在社交媒体上发布了一段视频,否认了这些指控,并表达了他对中国的喜爱。一些互联网用户说,这段视频看起来像是被强迫拍的一般。One of the most strident voices criticizing Mr. Messi was Regina Ip, a senior adviser to the Hong Kong government and a veteran pro-Beijing lawmaker.批评梅西最尖锐的声音之一来自香港政府高级顾问、资深亲北京议员叶刘淑仪。“Hong Kong people hate Messi, Inter-Miami, and the black hand behind them, for the deliberate and calculated snub to Hong Kong,” she wrote on X, formerly known as Twitter.“香港人讨厌梅西,讨厌迈阿密国际,讨厌他们的背后黑手,因为他们故意冷落香港,”她在前身为Twitter的X上写道。The controversy around Mr. Messi was a prominent example of an increasingly prickly official atmosphere — but it was far from the exception.围绕梅西的争议是官方气氛日益敏感的一个突出例子,但这绝非特例。Mrs. Ip also criticized Mr. Roach, the economist, for his “Hong Kong is over” commentary in The Financial Times, saying that he ignored the actual causes of the financial hub’s economic woes, which she attributed to American policies, such as federal interest rate hikes. Other top officials accused Mr. Roach of scaremongering.叶刘淑仪还批评了经济学家罗奇在《金融时报》上发表的“香港完了”的评论,称他忽视了这个金融中心经济困境的实际原因,她将其归咎于联邦利率上调等美国的政策。还有一些高级官员指责罗奇危言耸听。(In response to the backlash, Mr. Roach wrote a commentary for The South China Morning Post, a Hong Kong newspaper, arguing that the city lacked the dynamism to overcome Beijing’s tightening political grip, geopolitical tensions with the United States and a protracted decline in China’s economic growth.)(罗奇为香港《南华早报》撰写了一篇评论文章,作为对这种反击的回应,在文中他提出香港缺乏活力,无法克服北京日益收紧的政治控制、与美国的地缘政治紧张以及中国经济增长的长期下滑。)“The energy and unbridled optimism that was once Hong Kong’s most salient characteristic, its greatest asset, has been sapped,” Mr. Roach wrote.罗奇写道,“活力和无拘无束的乐观精神曾经是香港最显著的特征与最大的资产,如今已被渐渐消耗。”City officials now routinely lash out at foreign governments, diplomats and the news media for any criticism of Hong Kong’s policies. Even voices from within the Hong Kong establishment are not spared the scoldings.香港官员现在经常抨击外国政府、外交官和新闻媒体对香港政策的任何批评。即使是来自香港建制派内部的声音也未能幸免。When a pro-Beijing lawmaker complained that police officers were issuing too many fines, Mr. Lee, the city’s leader, rebuked him for what he called an act of “soft resistance.”当一名亲北京的议员抱怨警察开出了太多的罚单时,香港特首李家超指责他的行为是“软对抗”。The authorities have used this term to describe an insidious, passive defiance against the government. According to Mr. Lee, that defiance includes complaints that Hong Kong is too focused on national security.当局用这个词来形容对政府阴险、被动的反抗。李家超称,这种反抗包括抱怨香港过于关注国家安全。香港特首李家超本月在北京参加全国人民代表大会。他说,新的国安立法将消除来自外国颠覆势力的威胁。The Article 23 legislation is meant to root out such “soft resistance,” officials have said, as well as fill in gaps left by the national security law that China directly imposed. The laws center on five areas: treason, insurrection, sabotage, external interference and the theft of state secrets and espionage.官员们表示,第23条立法旨在根除这种“软对抗”,并填补中国直接实施的国家安全法留下的空白。这些法律主要针对五个方面:叛国、叛乱、破坏活动、外部干涉、窃取国家机密和间谍活动。Legal experts and trade groups said the laws’ broad and often vague wording created potential risks for businesses operating in or looking to invest in Hong Kong. The government had to scramble this month to deny reports that it was considering banning Facebook and YouTube as part of the legislation.法律专家和行业组织说,这些法律的措辞宽泛,往往含糊不清,给在香港经营或寻求在港投资的企业带来潜在风险。本月,政府不得不急忙否认有关它正在考虑将禁止Facebook和YouTube作为立法一部分的报道。“An unfettered flow of information is crucial for the city to maintain its status as Asia’s financial center,” Wang Xiangwei, an associate professor of journalism at Hong Kong Baptist University, wrote in an editorial published on Monday in The South China Morning Post, where he once served as chief editor.香港浸会大学新闻学副教授王向伟曾任《南华早报》总编辑,他于周一在该报发表的一篇观点文章中写道,“信息的自由流动对香港保持亚洲金融中心的地位至关重要。”The uncertainty has led some foreign firms to begin treating Hong Kong as if it were the mainland. They have begun using burner phones and limiting local employees’ access to their companies’ global databases.这种不确定性导致一些外国公司开始像对待内地一样对待香港。他们开始使用一次性手机,并限制当地员工访问公司的全球数据库。Mark Lee, a Hong Kong native, said that the more his city looked and felt like the mainland, the more tempted he was to emigrate overseas.香港人马克·李(音)说,他的城市看起来和感觉上越像内地,他就越想移民海外。The 36-year-old personal trainer said that in the last few years, about a quarter of the 200 people who used to belong to his WhatsApp group for organizing group runs and workout sessions have left Hong Kong. He is reluctant to have a child because he is worried about Hong Kong’s public school system, where national security education is required.这位36岁的私人教练说,过去几年里,他在WhatsApp上的集体跑步和健身课程群组的200名用户中约有四分之一离开了香港。他不愿意生孩子,因为他担心香港的公立学校制度,这些学校要求进行国家安全教育。“When Hong Kong is not my city anymore, I will have to leave,” Mr. Lee said. The changes, he added, felt like “death by a thousand cuts.”“如果香港已非我城,则难以不走了,”马克·李说。他还表示,这些变化感觉就像“千刀万剐”。Keith Bradsher和Olivia Wang对本文有报道贡献。David Pierson报道中国外交政策和中国与世界的经济与文化交互。他从事新闻工作已超过20年。点击查看更多关于他的信息。Tiffany May是时报驻香港记者,报道香港和更广泛地区的政治、商业和文化议题。 点击查看更多关于她的信息。翻译:纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 悲观蔓延、感觉就像“千刀万剐”:“23条”后香港何去何从

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中菲海上冲突频繁,马科斯与西方国家加强外交威慑中国

黄瑞黎, CAMILLE ELEMIA2024年3月19日菲律宾总统小费迪南德·马科斯和德国总理奥拉夫·肖尔茨上周在柏林的总理府。 Markus Schreiber/Associated PressWith China aggressively asserting its claims on the South China Sea, President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. of the Philippines spent his first year on the job beefing up Manila’s alliance with its oldest ally, the United States. Now he is shoring up support from a wider and new network of partners.由于中国好斗地坚持对南中国海的主权主张,菲律宾总统小费迪南德·马科斯把上任后的第一年花在了加强与本国最古老的盟友美国的联盟上。现在,他正在用一个更广泛的合作伙伴新网络来稳固支持。Mr. Marcos is adding a new intensity to his muscular foreign policy at a critical moment in his country’s territorial dispute with Beijing. Maritime clashes between Chinese and Philippine vessels have become more frequent in recent months.在菲律宾与中国领土争端的关键时刻,马科斯正在加大自己强硬外交政策的强度。近几个月来,中国船只与菲律宾船只的海上冲突变得更加频繁。In January, Mr. Marcos and the leaders of Vietnam, another country fighting off Chinese claims to the crucial waterway, pledged closer cooperation between their coast guards. This month, Mr. Marcos clinched a maritime cooperation deal with Australia. And this past week, he took his pitch to Europe.今年1月,马科斯和越南领导人承诺让两国的海岸警卫队更密切地合作。越南是抗争中国对这个重要航道水域主权主张的又一个国家。本月,马科斯与澳大利亚成功地签署了一项海事合作协议。上周,他把宣传做到了欧洲。“It has to be recognized that the South China Sea handles 60 percent of the trade of the entire world. So, it’s not solely the interest of the Philippines, or of ASEAN, or of the Indo-Pacific region, but the entire world,” Mr. Marcos said on Tuesday in Berlin, referring to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.“必须承认,全世界60%的贸易经过南中国海。因此,这不仅是菲律宾一国的利益,或是东南亚国家联盟或印太地区的利益,而且是整个世界的利益,”马科斯上周二在柏林说。Standing alongside Chancellor Olaf Scholz of Germany, Mr. Marcos, the first Philippine president to visit Germany in a decade, added, “That is why it’s in all our interest to keep it as a safe passage for all international commerce that goes on in the South China Sea.”马科斯是十年来第一位访问德国的菲律宾总统,站在德国总理奥拉夫·肖尔茨旁边的马科斯还表示:“为了我们所有人的利益,必须确保南中国海作为所有国际贸易的安全通道。”This flurry of diplomacy, analysts said, might ultimately help to deter China. But they also acknowledged that Beijing was going to continue doubling down on its territorial claims, increasing the risks of a conflict that could ultimately draw in the United States, the Philippines’ oldest treaty ally. Washington has repeatedly condemned Beijing’s actions and has vowed to come to the aid of Manila in the event of an armed conflict.分析人士说,这些接二连三的外交活动也许最终会有助于威慑中国。但他们也承认,中国政府会继续对自己的领土主张变本加厉,导致发生冲突的风险增加,最终可能把菲律宾最古老的条约盟友美国卷进来。华盛顿已多次谴责北京的行动,并誓言一旦发生武装冲突,将帮助马尼拉。中国海警船向第二托马斯沙洲附近的一艘菲律宾海军包租的船只发射高压水枪,摄于上月。The foreign policy strategy adopted by Mr. Marcos, who took office in June 2022, is almost the opposite of the approach of his predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte. While Mr. Duterte spurned the West and courted China, Mr. Marcos has revived and cemented ties with traditional security partners like the United States and Japan. He has also cultivated new relations with the likes of Sweden and France, and his government has pushed for arms deals and military drills.马科斯2022年6月上任后采取的外交政策战略与其前任罗德里戈·杜特地的几乎完全相反。杜特地一脚踢开了西方,去讨好中国,马科斯不仅恢复并巩固了与美国和日本等传统安全伙伴的关系,还与瑞典、法国等国家发展出新关系,他的政府还推进了军火交易和军事演习。Tensions flared again this month when Chinese boats blocked the Philippine vessels off the Second Thomas Shoal, a contested reef 120 miles off the coast of the western province of Palawan. The confrontation culminated in Chinese and Philippine coast guard vessels colliding.紧张局势本月再度升级,中国船只在距离菲律宾西部省份巴拉望海岸200公里的第二托马斯沙洲(Second Thomas Shoal,中国称之为仁爱礁——译注)附近拦截了菲律宾船只。这次冲突最终导致了中国海警船与菲律宾海警船相撞。Mr. Marcos told reporters then there was no reason yet to invoke the mutual defense treaty with the United States.马科斯当时对记者说,还没有理由启动与美国的共同防御条约。China claims 90 percent of the South China Sea, some of it hundreds of miles from the mainland and in waters surrounding Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia and the Philippines. In the past decade or so, China has asserted ever greater control over these waters, using two island chains called the Paracels and the Spratlys to expand its military footprint by building and fortifying outposts and airstrips.中国声称对南中国海90%的水域拥有主权,包括一些距离中国大陆好几百公里,位于越南、马来西亚、文莱、印度尼西亚和菲律宾周边的水域。在过去十年左右,中国加强了对这些水域的控制,通过在帕拉塞尔群岛(中国称之为西沙群岛——译注)和斯普拉特利群岛(中国称之为南沙群岛——译注)这两个岛链上建设和增强前哨基地和机场,扩大了它的军事足迹。The militarization of the Spratly Islands allowed China to maintain a round-the-clock presence in waters about 500 miles from the coast of China. Chinese boats stationed there then repeatedly harassed Filipino fishing boats in an area that an international tribunal in The Hague had ruled was a traditional fishing ground of the Philippines, Vietnam and other nations. The Chinese presence also prevented Manila from fully exploring oil and gas deposits in the surrounding water.斯普拉特利群岛的军事化让中国能在距离本国海岸800公里的水域保持全天候存在。驻扎在那里的中国船只一再骚扰附近水域的菲律宾渔船,海牙的国际法庭已将该水域裁定为菲律宾、越南和其他国家的传统渔场。中国在该水域的军事存在也阻碍了菲律宾在其周边水域充分勘探石油和天然气储量。China has blamed the Philippines for the frequent clashes in the South China Sea.中国将南中国海的频繁冲突归咎于菲律宾。中国在距离菲律宾巴拉望岛不远的美济礁上修造的建筑。Wang Yi, China’s foreign minister, in December admonished the Philippines for “changing its policy stance, reneging on its commitments and continuing to provoke and cause trouble at sea.”中国外交部长王毅曾在去年12月指责菲律宾“改变了迄今的政策立场,背弃了自己作出的承诺,不断在海上挑衅滋事”。Mr. Wang also issued a warning: “If the Philippines misjudges the situation, insists on going its own way, or even colludes with malicious external forces to continue causing trouble and chaos, China will definitely safeguard its rights in accordance with the law and respond resolutely.”王毅还警告说,“如果菲方误判形势,一意孤行,甚至与不怀好意的外部势力相互勾联,继续生事生乱,中方必将依法维权,坚决回应。”Two weeks later, the Philippines announced that it had signed agreements with Britain and Canada to increase defense cooperation. They were part of 10 security agreements that Mr. Marcos has signed with seven countries since last year, according to a tally of public statements.两周后,菲律宾宣布与英国和加拿大签署了加强防务合作的协议。据对公开声明的统计,马科斯去年与七个国家签署了十项安全协议,与英国和加拿大的协议是其中的一部分。“China is basically pushing us closer to the United States and to the other countries that have already indicated their support, as far as Germany and as far as the Czech Republic,” said Renato Cruz De Castro, a professor of international studies at De La Salle University in Manila.“中国基本上是在把我们推向美国以其他已示支持的国家,包括远在欧洲的德国和捷克共和国,”位于马尼拉的德拉萨勒大学国际研究教授雷纳托·克鲁兹·德卡斯特罗说。On Thursday, Petr Pavel, the president of the Czech Republic, said he was willing to cooperate with the Philippines in defense and cybersecurity, adding that his country “fully” supports Manila in the South China Sea.上周四,捷克共和国总统彼得·帕维尔表示,他愿意在国防和网络安全方面与菲律宾合作,还说,他的国家在南中国海问题上“完全”支持菲律宾政府。“To us, South China Sea may seem to be far, far away, but if you take into account the percentage of share of world or global trade that passes through this area, any disruption of theses routes would have an adverse impact on Europe, not only in the form of shortage of goods but also soaring prices,” Mr. Pavel told reporters at a joint news conference with Mr. Marcos. “Which is why we have to pay attention to this topic.”“南中国海对我们来说似乎很远很远,但如果考虑到经过该水域的世界或全球贸易的百分比份额,这些航线受到任何干扰都会对欧洲产生不利影响,不仅会导致商品短缺,而且会导致价格飞涨,”帕维尔在与马科斯举行的联合新闻发布会上对记者们说。“这就是我们为什么必须关注这个主题的原因。”美国总统拜登与马科斯去年5月在椭圆形办公室。New allies, Mr. De Castro said, are welcome because the Philippines cannot rely on the United States alone, especially if former President Donald J. Trump returns to power next year.德卡斯特罗说,菲律宾欢迎新盟友,因为菲律宾不能只靠美国,尤其是如果前总统特朗普明年重新掌权的话。“The U.S. is simply — even Americans would say — so unstable right now, the political system is so volatile, look at what’s happening with the U.S. military assistance to Ukraine,” he said. “And I’m not saying that Trump would win, but there’s always uncertainty because of how unstable American domestic politics is.”“美国现在非常不稳定(就连美国人也会这么说),美国的政治体制非常无定性,看看美国对乌克兰的军事援助正在发生的情况就知道了,”德卡斯特罗说。“我并不是说特朗普会赢,但总有不确定性,因为美国的国内政治如此之不稳定。”Another important calculus for Mr. Marcos, analysts said, is securing investments for the Philippines.分析人士说,马科斯的另一个重要考量是确保对菲律宾的投资。“That means that we can really be assertive, we can really protect the South China Sea interests without thinking of the economic backlash that China might impose on us,” said Aries A. AruSame Currency Pair, the chairman of the political science department of the University of the Philippines Diliman.“这意味着我们能真正坚定信心,我们能真正保护我们在南中国海的利益,而不必考虑中国可能对我们施加的经济报复,”菲律宾迪利曼大学政治学系主任阿里斯·阿鲁盖说。Even India, which has been silent on the South China Sea dispute for years, announced last June that it would provide loans with preferential rates to the Philippines for its military modernization. In August, both countries signed agreements to cooperate in the coast guard sectors.就连多年来对南中国海争端持沉默态度的印度也在去年6月宣布,将向菲律宾提供用于军事现代化的优惠利率贷款。两国已在去年8月签署了海岸警卫队领域的合作协议。Last week, when he was in Australia, Mr. Marcos warned that the constant clashes between Filipino and Chinese vessels have increased the risks of miscalculation.上周,马科斯在澳大利亚时警告称,菲律宾船只与中国船只不断发生冲突,已增加了发生误判的风险。“The potential for outright conflict is much higher now than it was before,” he said. “We worry in the Philippines because it could come from not a strategic decision by anyone saying, ‘OK, we’re going to war,’ but just by some servicemen making a mistake, or some action that’s misunderstood.”“现在发生直接冲突的可能性比以前大多了,”他说。“我们菲律宾人对此感到担忧,因为导致冲突的可能不是某个人做出的‘好,我们要开战’的战略决定,而只是某些军人犯下错误,或采取了某些被误解的行动。”黄瑞黎(Sui-Lee Wee)是《纽约时报》东南亚分社社长。她是因报道新冠大流行获得2021年普利策公共服务奖的团队成员之一。点击此处查看更多关于她的信息。翻译:纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 中菲海上冲突频繁,马科斯与西方国家加强外交威慑中国

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从戴安娜到凯特,陷于舆论风暴中心的王室成员

MARK LANDLER2024年3月13日周二,在伦敦的一个地铁站,通勤者走过《旗帜晚报》的报摊,报纸头版刊登了威尔士王妃凯瑟琳的照片。 Hollie Adams/ReutersTrace back the digitally altered photograph of Catherine, Princess of Wales, and its roots lie in a tragedy of another Princess of Wales, Diana, whose death in 1997 predated the creation of Facebook by nearly seven years.威尔士王妃凯瑟琳数码修改照片的根源可以追溯到另一位威尔士王妃戴安娜的悲剧,她于1997年去世,比Facebook的诞生早了近七年。Diana’s fatal car accident, after a high-speed pursuit by photographers in Paris, left a lasting imprint on her sons, William and Harry. They grew up vowing not to take part in what they viewed as a pathological relationship between the royal family and the press, one in which they were the abused partners.戴安娜在巴黎被摄影师高速追逐后发生致命车祸,给她的儿子威廉和哈里留下了永久的印记。在他们看来,王室和媒体之间存在病态的关系,他们是这种关系中受虐待的一方,他们从小就发誓绝不参与其中。The rise of social media gave this Newbie traderer generation of royals a way to bypass the tabloids they reviled, with popular platforms like Instagram and Twitter, where they could post carefully curated news and images of themselves, unmediated by the London papers or the lurking paparazzi.社交媒体的兴起为年轻一代的王室成员提供了途径,可以绕过他们所唾弃的小报,他们可以在Instagram和Twitter等流行平台上发布自己精心策划的新闻和照片,同时不受伦敦报纸或潜伏狗仔队的干扰。But now they are experiencing the darker side of public life in the  Earnings-price ratio west of the web. Catherine’s photo, posted on social media and picked up by newspapers and broadcasters worldwide, has been swept into the maelstrom of rumors and conspiracy theories that have haunted her since she underwent abdominal surgery and receded from the public eye two months ago.但现在,他们正在网络的荒蛮世界体验公共生活的阴暗面。凯瑟琳的照片发布在社交媒体上,被世界各地的报纸和广播公司转载,这张照片被卷入了谣言和阴谋论的漩涡,自她接受腹部手术并在两个月前从公众视线中消失以来,这些谣言和阴谋论一直困扰着她。While William and Harry have struggled with these forces, the pressure has perhaps been most acute on their wives, Catherine and Meghan, who have taken turns being in the eye of an online storm. Meghan spoke recently about the “hateful” treatment she experienced while WTO (World Trade Organization) with her children.虽然威廉和哈里一直在与这些力量作斗争,但他们的妻子凯瑟琳和梅根承受的压力可能是最大的,她们轮流处于网络风暴的中心。梅根最近谈到她在怀孕期间经历的“仇恨”对待。“It must be so hard to deal with this,” said Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, the director of the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at Oxford University. “It is often women who are subjected to the worst bullying and harassment.”“处理这种事肯定很难,”牛津大学路透新闻研究所主任拉斯穆斯·克莱因斯·尼尔森说。“遭受最严重霸凌和骚扰的往往是女性。”Catherine, of course, inadvertently contributed to the hothouse atmosphere by altering the Mother’s Day photo of herself and her three children. That unleashed a fresh storm of online speculation, with people sharing pet theories about how the image had been manipulated, whether by transposing Catherine’s head from a 2016 cover photo in Vogue magazine or recycling a shot of the family taken last November.当然,凯瑟琳修改她和三个孩子的母亲节照片无意中加剧了这种气氛。这在网上引发了一场新的猜测风暴,人们分享自己最中意的理论,猜测这张照片是如何被修改的,究竟是从2016年《Vogue》杂志的封面照片上拿来了凯瑟琳的头部,还是回收利用了去年11月拍摄的一张家庭照片。Visual investigators debunked both suggestions, but that didn’t stop the original posts from going viral, with one post promoting the Vogue theory racking up more than 45 million views.视觉调查人员驳斥了这两种说法,但这并没有阻止最初的帖子的病毒式传播,其中一篇宣称使用了《Vogue》照片的帖子获得了超过4500万的点击量。注:放大的拉链和头发图片经过调亮处理以显示细节。 原图来源:威尔士亲王/肯辛顿宫。 By The New York TimesHaving set out to control her image, Catherine now finds herself in a predicament not unlike some of her royal forebears, dogged by an online pack no less feral than the photographers who chased Diana in Paris.凯瑟琳努力控制自己的形象,但却陷入了一种和她的一些王室前辈别无二致的困境,网上追逐的狂热程度丝毫不亚于在巴黎追逐戴安娜的摄影师,令她深受其扰。“Anyone in the royal family or their staffs who thinks that social media allows people to circumvent gatekeepers or control the narrative has not been paying attention to Meghan Markle’s experience,” Professor Nielsen said.“如果王室成员和他们的工作人员以为社交媒体可以让人绕过把关者,或者控制叙事,那他们肯定没有注意到梅根·马克尔经历了什么,”尼尔森说。“These are deeply ambiguous spaces,” he said, “in which things that people want are inextricably linked with things that are deeply troubling.”“这些空间非常模糊,”他说,“在这里,人们想要的东西与令人深感不安的东西密不可分。”William and Harry made their first official foray into social media in 2015, when they, along with Catherine, opened shared Twitter and Instagram accounts. An early post showed Harry, standing on his tiptoes, next to the 7-foot, 2-inch retired American basketball star, Dikembe Mutombo, at a coaching program for Newbie trader people.2015年,威廉和哈里首次正式涉足社交媒体,当时他们和凯瑟琳一起开设了共享的Twitter和Instagram账户。一个早期帖子显示,在一堂篮球青训课上,哈里踮着脚尖,站在身高约2.2米的美国退役篮球明星迪肯贝·穆托姆博旁。When Harry met Meghan, an American actress, the following year, he was exposed to an avid and expert user of social media. Meghan was running a lifestyle blog, The Tig, which she described as “a hub for the discerning palate.” Cosmopolitan magazine once said it was “well on the way to becoming the next Goop,” the wellness brand owned by the actress Gwyneth Paltrow.第二年,哈里遇到了美国女演员梅根,由此见识到了一个狂热而专业的社交媒体用户。梅根当时经营着生活方式博客The Tig,她称之为“挑剔品味中心”。《时尚》(Cosmopolitan)杂志说,它“正在成为下一个Goop”——也就是演员格温妮丝·帕特洛拥有的健康品牌。Meghan shut down The Tig after her romance with Harry became public. But she brought her astute use of social media with her into the royal family. When the couple announced in 2020 that they planned to withdraw from royal duties, they broke the news on Instagram and laid out their plans on SusForex and Stock Speculating Royal, a site designed by the same Toronto-based digital firm that had designed The Tig.在和哈里的恋情公开后,她关闭了The Tig。但她把自己对社交媒体的精明运用带进了王室。这对夫妇2020年宣布计划退出王室时,他们是在Instagram上发布了这一消息,并在“苏塞克斯王室”网站上公布了该计划,网站由设计The Tig的同一家多伦多数字公司设计。When Meghan was targeted by abusive language online, Harry blamed it on hostile and racist press coverage. In his memoir, “Spare,” he wrote that, in the 18 months before his 2018 marriage, relentless tabloid coverage of Meghan had “riled up all the trolls, who were now crawling out of their cellars and lairs.”当梅根在网上被辱骂时,哈里将其归咎于充满敌意和种族主义的媒体报道。他在回忆录《备胎》(Spare)中写道,在他2018年结婚前的18个月里,小报对梅根的无情报道“引出了所有的网络喷子,他们正从地窖和巢穴里爬出来”。“Ever since we’d acknowledged we were a couple,” Harry said, “we’d been flooded with racist taunts and death threats on social media.”“自从我们承认相恋以来,”哈利说,“我们就被社交媒体上的种族主义嘲讽和死亡威胁淹没了。”威廉王子、凯瑟琳王妃、哈里王子和苏塞克斯公爵夫人梅根。2022年伊丽莎白二世女王去世后,四人在温莎城堡。Yet, in Catherine’s case, the lack of press reports may have contributed to the rumors mushrooming online. Kensington Palace, where she and her husband, William, have their offices, erected a veil of privacy around Catherine after her surgery, offering few details about her condition or recovery, beyond saying she would return to work after Easter.然而,就凯瑟琳的情况而言,缺乏新闻报道可能是导致网上谣言不断涌现的原因。凯特和丈夫威廉在肯辛顿宫办公。在凯特手术后,肯辛顿宫为她蒙上了一层隐蔽面纱,没有透露她的病情或恢复情况,只是说她将在复活节后重新履行王室职责。“The near silence over Kate’s health, which she’s perfectly entitled to observe, spooked the media and generated a social media frenzy that the mainstream media fed off,” said Peter Hunt, a former royal correspondent for the BBC.“凯特对自己的健康状况近乎保持沉默,她完全有权这样做,但这惊动了媒体,在社交媒体上引发了一场狂热,主流媒体也从中受益,”BBC前王室记者彼得·亨特说。For all the ravenous coverage of the royal family, some subjects are off limits. Gossip about William and Catherine’s marriage has long percolated in the web’s murky depths, for instance. But it rarely, if ever, surfaces in the papers, which adhere to strict guidelines on privacy, enforced by Britain’s robust defamation laws.尽管对王室的报道如饥似渴,但有些话题是不能谈论的。例如,关于威廉和凯瑟琳婚姻状况的流言蜚语一直在网络的阴暗深处流传。但在英国严格的诽谤法约束下,报纸严格遵守隐私保护准则,因此这些流言几乎从来不会出现在报纸上。When a grainy photo of Catherine riding in a car with her mother appeared on the American gossip site, TMZ, last week, British papers did not publish it out of deference to Kensington Palace’s appeal that she be allowed to recuperate in peace.上周,美国八卦网站TMZ上出现了一张凯瑟琳和母亲坐在一辆车里的模糊照片,出于对肯辛顿宫呼吁让她安静休养的尊重,英国报纸没有刊登这张照片。Even now, in the wake of Catherine’s confession that she had retouched the photo, a few tabloids have rallied to her defense. “Lay off Kate,” read the front page of The Sun, which is published by Rupert Murdoch and typically gives the princess generous coverage. “Attacks over edited pic are absurd,” it added.即使是现在,在凯瑟琳承认她修过那张照片之后,一些小报仍在为她辩护。鲁珀特·默多克旗下的《太阳报》报道王妃时一般采用友好的姿态,该报在头版写道:“放过凯特吧。”它还写道:“攻击编辑过的照片是荒谬的”。The risk for the royal family, experts said, is that Catherine’s manipulation of the photo will cast doubt over other news and images released by them, depriving the royals of a useful channel to reach Newbie traderer people. Some tabloids were openly skeptical of her. “How did Kate Photo Become a PR Disaster?” asked The Daily Mail. “Kate’s Photo Bomb!” declared the tabloid, Metro.专家表示,王室面临的风险是,凯瑟琳对这张照片的修改会让他们发布的其他新闻和图片受到质疑,从而令王室失去接触年轻人的一个有用渠道。一些小报公开对她表示怀疑。“凯特的照片是如何成为公关灾难的?”《每日邮报》发问。“凯特的照片炸弹!”小报《Metro》宣称。“Social media should be a win-win for the royals, a means of disseminating their message unchallenged and undiluted,” Mr. Hunt said. “While most will probably forgive and forget, the risk is an erosion of trust, an important commodity for the monarchy.”“社交媒体对王室来说应该是双赢的,它是一种手段,可以在不受质疑、不被篡改的情况下传播他们的信息,”亨特说。“虽然大多数人可能会原谅并忘记这件事,但风险是信任受到侵蚀,而信任对君主政体来说是非常重要的。”The royal family’s credibility may not be the only casualty. Professor Nielsen noted that, in a recent survey, 69 percent of people in Britain said they were concerned about what was real and what was fake on the internet. And that was before the whirling vortex of rumors and misinformation about Catherine.王室的信誉可能不是唯一的牺牲品。尼尔森指出,在最近的一项调查中,69%的英国人表示,他们对互联网上的真假难辨表示担忧。这是在关于凯瑟琳的谣言和不实信息的漩涡之前。“This may well further intensify people’s skepticism toward much of what they see, both from news media and on social media,” he said. “Not a great few days for people’s confidence in the information environment.”“这很可能会进一步加剧人们对他们从新闻媒体和社交媒体上看到的许多内容的怀疑,”他说。“这几天的事让人们对信息环境更没信心了。”Mark Landler是时报伦敦分社社长,报道英国新闻以及美国在欧洲、亚洲和中东的外交政策。他从事新闻工作已超过30年。点击查看更多关于他的信息。翻译:晋其角点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 从戴安娜到凯特,陷于舆论风暴中心的王室成员

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日本著名漫画家、《龙珠》作者鸟山明去世

JOHN YOON, KIUKO NOTOYA2024年3月11日鸟山明,摄于1982年。自他在20世纪80年代创作《龙珠》以来,这部漫画已经出版了42卷,在全球销售了成百上千万册,成为最著名的漫画之一。 Jiji Press/Agence France-Presse — Getty ImagesAkira Toriyama, one of Japan’s leading comics authors, whose manga and anime franchise “Dragon Ball” achieved worldwide success with its mix of comedic characters and rousing martial arts battles, died on March 1. He was 68.日本著名漫画家鸟山明于3月1日去世,终年68岁,他的漫画和动画系列《龙珠》以喜剧性的角色和精彩的武打获得了世界性的成功。His death was confirmed on Friday in a statement by his manga and design production company, Bird Studio, and Capsule Corporation Tokyo. The statement said the cause was acute subdural hematoma, a condition in which blood collects between the skull and brain. It did not say where Mr. Toriyama died.周五,他的漫画和设计制作公司鸟山明工作室和东京万能胶囊公司发表声明,确认了他的死讯。声明说,死因是急性硬膜下血肿,这是一种血液聚集在头骨和大脑之间的病症。声明没有说明鸟山明的去世地点。Mr. Toriyama’s body of work, which also includes “Dr. Slump” and “Sand Land,” is recognizable far beyond Japan’s borders, having influenced generations of manga artists and cartoonists. The studio said he had several projects in the works at his death.鸟山明的作品还包括《阿拉蕾》和《沙漠大冒险》,其知名度远远超出日本国界,影响了几代漫画家和卡通画家。鸟山明工作室表示,他去世时有几个项目正在进行中。His best-known work, “Dragon Ball,” follows a Newbie trader boy named Son Goku who embarks on a journey to collect the seven magical orbs that summon a wish-granting dragon. Since its creation in the 1980s, it has spanned 42 volumes, sold millions of copies worldwide and become one of the most famous manga, inspiring television, film and video game adaptations.他最著名的作品《龙珠》讲述了一个名叫孙悟空的小男孩踏上了收集七颗神奇宝珠的旅程,集齐七颗宝珠可以召唤实现愿望的神龙。自20世纪80年代问世以来,它出版了42卷,在全球销售了成百上千万册,成为最著名的漫画之一,激发了电视、电影和电子游戏改编。Throughout his career, Mr. Toriyama said in a 2013 interview with the Japanese newspaper The Asahi Shimbun, he did not care if his work did anything besides entertaining its readers. He was, he suggested, unlike “other manga artists concerned about conveying didactic messages.”鸟山明在2013年接受日本报纸《朝日新闻》采访时说,在整个职业生涯中,他不关心自己的作品除了娱乐读者之外是否还有什么作用。他表示,自己和“其他关心传达说教信息的漫画家”不一样。“The role of my manga,” he said, “is to be a work of entertainment through and through.”“我的漫画所扮演的角色,”他说,“就是彻头彻尾的娱乐作品。”Akira Toriyama was born on April 5, 1955, in Kiyosu, Japan, according to local news media. He studied design at a technology and engineering high school in Aichi Prefecture. After graduating, he worked as a designer for an advertising company in Nagoya.据当地新闻媒体报道,鸟山明于1955年4月5日出生在日本清须,曾在爱知县的一所技术与工程高中学习设计,毕业后在名古屋一家广告公司担任设计师。He left his job after a few years and started drawing manga at 23. His first manga, an action and adventure comic called “Wonder Island,” was published in 1978.几年后他辞去工作,23岁时开始画漫画。他的第一部漫画是动作冒险漫画《神奇岛》,于1978年出版。He gained popularity with the serialization of “Dr. Slump” from 1980 to 1984, a science-fiction manga about an android girl known for her childlike personality and superhuman strength. It was adapted for television as an anime series.他在1980年至1984年连载的科幻漫画《阿拉蕾》广受欢迎,它讲述了一个机器人女孩的故事,她有着孩子般的个性和超人的力量。它被改编成电视系列动画。Mr. Toriyama’s absurd concepts and sense of caricature “sparked a real joyful hysteria” in Japan, Matthieu Pinon and Laurent Lefebvre wrote in “A History of Modern Manga” (2023).马蒂厄·皮农和洛朗·勒菲弗在《现代漫画史》(2023年)一书中写道,鸟山明的荒诞概念和夸张的漫画手法,在日本“引发了一场真正的欢乐疯狂”。In 1982, Mr. Toriyama married a former manga artist who published under the pen name Nachi Mikami, Mainichi Shimbun reported. Complete information on survivors was not immediately available, but local news media reports say he is survived by his wife and children.据《每日新闻》报道,1982年鸟山明与笔名为南那智(音)的前漫画家结婚。目前还没有关于遗属的完整信息,但当地新闻媒体报道说,他的遗属包括妻子和孩子们。When “Dragon Ball” was first published in 1984, it was an immediate hit, becoming one of the best-selling manga series of all time. It sold more than 260 million copies worldwide, according to Toei Animation, the studio that produced the anime adaptation.《七龙珠》于1984年首版后立即引起轰动,成为有史以来最畅销的漫画系列之一。根据制作改编动画的东映动画公司,《龙珠》的全球销量超过2.6亿。《龙珠》漫画第一卷的封面。 Bird Studio/SHUEISHA, via Associated Press“Dragon Ball” was serialized in the Japanese magazine Weekly Shonen Jump until 1995. In the year after the series ended, the magazine lost about one million of its six million readers, according to “A History of Modern Manga.” The story lived on through anime like “Dragon Ball Z” and through video games. Mr. Toriyama also designed the characters for the Dragon Quest video game series.《七龙珠》在日本杂志《少年Jump周刊》连载至1995年。据《现代漫画史》称,在该系列完结后的一年里,该杂志的600万读者流失了大约100万。这个故事通过动漫《龙珠Z》和电子游戏延续下去。鸟山明还为《勇者斗恶龙》系列电子游戏设计了角色。A prolific manga artist, Mr. Toriyama did not necessarily have an appetite for the genre as a reader. “I have always had a hard time reading manga, including my own work,” he said in a 2018 interview with Kiyosu City Public Library.鸟山明是一位多产的漫画家,然而作为读者,他不一定喜欢这个类型的作品。“我一直难以去读漫画,包括我自己的作品,”他在2018年接受清须市公共图书馆采访时说。He led a private life and gave few interviews. In a 2013 interview with the Japanese singer and actress Shoko Nakagawa, he said that he did not even share all his work with his family.他注重隐私,很少接受采访。在2013年接受日本歌手、演员中川翔子采访时,他说甚至没有跟家人分享自己所有的作品。“To tell you the truth, no one in my family has ever seen ‘Dragon Ball,’” he said, laughing. “I am also a hikikomori,” he added, using the Japanese word for a recluse.“说实话,我家没人看过《龙珠》,”他笑着说。“我也是个‘家里蹲’,”他还说,“家里蹲”是日语中对避世者的称呼。But his stories continued to reach fans around the world years after their creation.但他的故事在创作多年后仍然吸引着世界各地的漫画迷。After “Dragon Ball,” Mr. Toriyama wrote single-volume manga, including “Cowa!,” “Kajika” and “Jaco the Galactic Patrolman.” “Sand Land,” published in 2000, was made into a movie in 2023. Its anime version is scheduled to be released in the spring on Disney+, along with a video game.《龙珠》之后,鸟山明创作了许多单卷本漫画,包括《怕怕!》《卡吉卡》和《银河巡警杰克》。2000年出版的《沙漠大冒险》于2023年被改编成电影。它的动画版计划于今年春天在迪士尼+上上映,同时还将推出一款电子游戏。John Yoon是时报驻首尔记者,报道突发新闻和热门新闻。点击查看更多关于他的信息。翻译:晋其角点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 日本著名漫画家、《龙珠》作者鸟山明去世

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General News 经济新闻 / 中国“走线客”涌入纽约唐人街
« on: March 10, 2024, 12:03:53 PM »
中国“走线客”涌入纽约唐人街

WINNIE HU, JEFFREY E. SINGER2024年3月7日中国移民加入了皇后区法拉盛、唐人街和布鲁克林日落公园历史悠久的华人支持网络。 When busloads of migrants from Venezuela and Latin America started turning up on New York City streets in 2022, it spurred a crisis that has overwhelmed city shelters and incited protests over immigration policies.2022年,当载满了委内瑞拉和拉丁美洲移民的大巴车开始抵达纽约街头时曾引发一场危机,市内的收容所不堪重负,还激起了关于移民政策的抗议活动。And while Mayor Eric Adams and city leaders have sought to slow the pace of new arrivals, there has been another, smaller but also growing group of migrants coming into the city — largely unnoticed.在纽约市市长埃里克·亚当斯和城市领导层力图减缓新来者的涌入速度时,还有一个规模虽小但同样在不断增长的移民群体开始涌入这座城市,却没引起人们的过多注意。Thousands of Chinese migrants have also made their way to New York, with many following on the heels of migrants from Central and South America and crossing at the United States-Mexico border. Once they reach the city, however, many are tapping into long-established family and social networks in Chinese enclaves to get on their feet quickly and, for the most part, on their own.数以千计的中国移民也来到纽约,他们中的许多人是紧跟着中美洲和南美洲移民的脚步,越过美墨边界入境美国的。但一旦到达纽约,许多人将利用当地华人社区历史悠久的家庭和社交网络迅速站稳脚跟,而且通常能够做到自食其力。It is not known exactly how many Chinese migrants have landed in New York. But immigration court filings since October 2022 show that New York State was their top destination — with more than 21,000 filings for Chinese migrants — followed by California, according to an analysis by Julia Gelatt, an associate director at the Migration Policy Institute.尚不清楚到底有多少中国移民是这样来纽约的。但移民政策研究所副所长朱莉娅·格拉特用2022年10月以来提交给移民法庭的文件(其中有逾2.1万份是为中国移民提交的)做的分析显示,纽约州是他们的首选目的地,其次是加利福尼亚州。The influx of Chinese migrants into the city has been the largest in more than a decade, and marks a return to the sizable immigration of Chinese people beginning in the 1980s that revived struggling neighborhoods like Chinatown, and cemented newer ethnic strongholds in Flushing, Queens, and Sunset Park, Brooklyn.中国移民最近涌入纽约的规模是十多年来最大的,标志着一个现象的回归,从20世纪80年代开始,曾有相当规模的华人移民来到纽约,令唐人街等处于挣扎状态的社区恢复了活力,并巩固了皇后区的法拉盛和布鲁克林的日落公园等新的华人聚集地。一名中国移民给记者播放了一段自己带着孩子穿越哥伦比亚和巴拿马之间达连峡谷的视频。越来越多的中国移民越过南部边界进入美国。Yet, this revival of Chinese migration has attracted relatively little attention, in part because it has been dwarfed by the sheer numbers of people arriving from Latin America. The rapid increase in Chinese newcomers, nonetheless, promises to have a significant effect on New York City and its sprawling Chinese American community of 590,000, which is the largest in the nation.然而,中国移民的再次增长引起的关注相对较少,部分原因是与来自拉丁美洲的移民数量相比,中国移民的数量微不足道。尽管如此,中国新移民的迅速增加很可能对纽约市以及分布在城市各处的纽约华裔美国人社区产生重大影响,纽约的华人社区总人口达59万,在美国居首。“There’s a large-scale migration going on in the Chinese community that’s completely off the radar screen,” said Kenneth J. Guest, an anthropology professor at Baruch College who studies Chinese immigration.“华人社区出现了大规模的移民,但完全没有引起人们的注意,”巴鲁克学院研究华人移民的人类学教授肯尼思·盖斯特说。The latest increase in Chinese migrants has been driven in part by frustration over China’s harsh pandemic-era lockdowns, authoritarian government and a worsening economy. A flurry of online and social media posts have provided detailed instructions and tips on how to cross the southern border.最近中国移民数量的增长在一定程度上是因为人们对疫情期间中国实施的严厉封控措施、对威权主义的政府、对不断恶化的经济感到沮丧。网上和社交媒体上有很多帖子为人们提供了如何穿越美国南部边界的详细说明和有用提示。Across the United States, the number of Chinese migrants has soared. There were 52,700 Chinese migrants arriving without a valid entry visa at land borders, and on boats and planes, during the federal government’s fiscal year 2023, or more than double the number just two years earlier, according to the analysis by Ms. Gelatt, of the Migration Policy Institute. Those numbers did not include people who came in without encountering border officials or later overstayed their visas.美国各地的中国移民人数都在猛增。据移民政策研究所的格拉特做的分析,在联邦政府2023财年,有5.27万名没有有效入境签证的中国移民越过陆地边界或乘船和飞机抵达美国,是两年前的两倍多。这个数字不包括入境时没有遇到边境官员或合法入境后逾期居留的人。These Chinese migrants have increasingly crossed at the southern border, with the number encountered by border officials there jumping more than sixfold to 5,980 in December 2023 from 950 a year earlier.这些中国移民当中,越过南部边界进入美国的人数不断增多,边境官员2023年12月在南部边界遇到的中国移民人数与上年同期的950名相比猛增了六倍多,达到了5980名。Still, they were just a small subset of the 3.4 million migrants who have crossed the southern border since October 2022, which included more than 974,000 Mexicans and over 410,000 Venezuelans.尽管如此,他们只是自2022年10月以来越过南部边界的340万移民中的一小部分,这些移民包括逾97.4万名墨西哥人和逾41万名委内瑞拉人。Wang Chao, 39, had worked as a hotel security guard in Hainan Province, an island in the South China Sea, before leaving China last October. He flew to Thailand, and then Turkey, before landing in Ecuador and embarking on the long trek north. He contracted dengue fever and malaria in rainforests in Panama and was later kicked off a truck carrying migrants in Guatemala because the driver thought someone cursed at him in Chinese.39岁的王超(音)去年10月离开中国前曾是海南岛一家酒店的保安。他先飞泰国,再飞土耳其,最后在厄瓜多尔落地,开始向北长途跋涉。他在巴拿马的雨林中感染了登革热和疟疾,后来还在危地马拉被开卡车运移民的司机赶下了车,因为司机觉得有人在用中文骂自己。39岁的中国移民王超(音)去年12月来到纽约。Mr. Wang eventually crossed into California, where he said he was briefly detained by border authorities. When he was released, he continued on to Flushing, arriving in December. He paid $12 a night for a bunk in an apartment shared with other Chinese immigrants before recently moving out of state for work.王超最终越过边界进入加利福尼亚州,他说他曾在那里被边境当局短暂拘留。获释后,他继续上路前往法拉盛,已于去年12月抵达。在法拉盛时,他曾每晚花12美元,在与其他中国移民合住的公寓里租了个床位。最近他因为工作离开了纽约州。The Chinese migrants have largely stayed out of New York City’s shelters. Fewer than 400 of the more than 173,000 migrants passing through the city shelter system since spring 2022 have reported coming from China, according to city officials.中国移民大多数都不会去纽约市的收容所。据市政府官员说,自2022年春季以来在纽约市的收容所系统住过的逾17.3万名移民中,只有不到400人来自中国。The Chinese newcomers did not need to rely on the shelters because they could turn to ethnic enclaves, which are home to many of the city’s 411,000 Chinese immigrants. Such enclaves have long played a key part in helping Chinese immigrants integrate into New York and other cities, according to Professor Guest of Baruch College.新的中国移民之所以不需要依靠收容所,是因为他们可以求助于华人聚居的社区,纽约市的41.1万名华人移民中,许多人住在这些社区里。按照巴鲁克学院盖斯特的说法,这些华人社区长期以来一直在帮助华人移民融入纽约和其他城市方面发挥着关键作用。These so-called Chinatowns began forming as early as the 1850s on the West Coast, Professor Guest said, and provided protection against anti-immigrant violence and discrimination, including the Chinese Exclusion Acts, which were restrictive immigration policies from 1882 to the 1940s. “The Chinese built ethnic support systems where they could pool financial and social capital,” he said.盖斯特教授说,这些被称为“唐人街”的社区最早是从19世纪50年代开始在西海岸形成,在反移民暴力和歧视性政策的环境中为华人提供过保护。这里所说的歧视性政策包括《排华法案》,它曾从1882年到20世纪40年代限制来自中国的移民。“华人建立起支持系统,他们可以在其中整合财务和社会资本,”他说。Today, that informal but well-developed Chinese support system in New York has become a “first resort” for recent migrants, said State Senator John C. Liu, whose district includes Flushing.今天,纽约这种非正式但健全的华人支持体系已成为新移民的“首选”,代表法拉盛所在选区的州参议员刘醇逸表示。中国移民拉因·潘(音,左)和宁(音,右)住在皇后区法拉盛一个经过改造的公寓里,也就是所谓的临时酒店或家庭旅馆。Already, the Chinese migrants have helped replenish the city’s population following losses during the coronavirus pandemic, and have filled construction, restaurant and other service jobs that keep the local economy running.纽约市的人口在新冠病毒大流行期间有所减少,中国移民帮助弥补了一些人口损失,并在建筑、餐馆和其他服务行业找到了工作,维持了当地经济的运转。Chinese listings posted in Flushing storefronts and online advertise “family hotels” in apartment buildings that are like unofficial Airbnb rentals. In Sunset Park, where there is a large community of immigrants from Fujian Province, they have packed into churches for Sunday services and Bible study classes.张贴在法拉盛的商铺和网上的中文广告中,包括公寓楼里的“家庭酒店”,这有点像非官方的Airbnb房屋出租。在住着大量福建移民的日落公园社区,参加周日礼拜和圣经学习班的新移民让教堂爆满。At East Broadway Mall in Chinatown, hundreds of newcomers have gathered through word of mouth for help applying for city IDs and finding health care resources from community leaders.在唐人街的东百老汇购物中心,数百名新移民透过口口相传聚集在那里,寻求社区领袖帮助他们申请城市身份证,寻找医保资源。Brad Song, 30, a migrant from Hunan who arrived last summer, found temporary refuge at a Chinese massage parlor in Flushing that let migrants sleep in the beds for $10 a night. At the supermarket where he went to buy noodles, a store worker helped him land a job at a Chinese banquet hall. He has also worked for the food delivery app Fantuan, and installed solar panels for a Chinese-owned company in New Jersey.30岁的湖南移民布拉德·宋(音)去年夏天来到纽约,在法拉盛的一家中式按摩店找到了临时住所,那家店把床铺租给移民过夜,每晚10美元。在他去买面条的超市,一名店员帮他在一家中餐宴会厅找了一份工作。他还曾给食品外卖应用“饭团”送餐,并为新泽西州的一家中资公司安装过太阳能电池板。But even as the migrants have settled in, their growing numbers have also created challenges in immigrant communities where many people were already struggling with financial insecurity and social isolation because of language and cultural barriers, as well as fears about their safety following a spate of anti-Asian hate crimes.但即使移民们已经安顿下来,不断增长的人数也给移民社区带来了挑战,那里的许多人本已在努力应对经济上的不安全感,语言不通和文化障碍给他们造成的社会孤独感,以及接二连三地发生了针对亚裔的仇恨犯罪后,对他们自身安全的担忧。There are 1.2 million New Yorkers of Asian heritage who make up about 15 percent of the city’s overall population, according to a census analysis by Social Explorer, a data research company. Within this diverse group — representing dozens of ethnicities, including Korean, Japanese, Filipino, Indian and Bangladeshi — there are significant socioeconomic disparities.据数据研究公司Social Explorer的人口普查分析,纽约人中有120万是亚裔,约占该市总人口的15%。亚裔是个多元化的群体,包括韩裔、日裔、菲律宾裔、印度裔和孟加拉裔等几十个族群,他们之间存在着巨大的社会经济差距。皇后区法拉盛的购物者在购买春节饰物。In 2022, Chinese immigrants had a median household income of $60,454, about half that of U.S.-born Chinese people, who tend to have more education and higher earnings. Citywide, the median household income was $75,046.中国移民2022年的家庭收入中位数是60454美元,约为在美国出生的华人家庭的一半,美国出生的华人通常受教育程度更高,收入也更高。纽约全市的家庭收入中位数是75046美元。The Chinese-American Planning Council, a social service agency, has expanded its programs to an additional 20,000 people over the past four years, but “the need is still out there,” said Wayne Ho, the president and chief executive officer. Hundreds remain on waiting lists for its adult literacy classes, mental health counseling, and four older adult centers in Flushing, Chinatown and Sunset Park.社会服务机构华人策划协会已在过去四年里将项目覆盖的人数增加了两万人,但“需求仍然存在”,协会总裁兼首席执行官何永康说。协会的成人扫盲课、心理健康咨询,以及位于法拉盛、唐人街和日落公园的四个老年人中心的等候者名单上仍有好几百人。Asian American leaders said their communities have long been underfunded by government programs, in part because of enduring model-minority stereotypes of Asians as self-sufficient and upwardly mobile. A 2015 report found that organizations serving the city’s Asian American communities had received a tiny part of the city’s social service contracts.亚裔美国人社区的领袖说,他们的社区长期以来一直缺乏来自政府项目的资金,部分原因是难以打破的亚裔模范少数族裔刻板印象,即认为亚裔能靠自己的力量走向富裕。一份2015年的报告发现,为纽约市的亚裔美国人社区提供服务的组织只得到了该市社会服务合同中微小的一部分。State Assemblywoman Grace Lee, whose district includes Chinatown, said there has been a “false narrative” around the needs of Asian communities that “we as legislators are trying to break.” Ms. Lee, who is Korean American, led a coalition of state legislators who helped secure $30 million in state funding last year specifically for Asian American organizations statewide.代表唐人街所在选区的州议员李荣恩说,围绕着亚裔社区需求的说法中一直存在一种“错误叙事”,“我们作为立法者正在努力打破这种叙事。”李荣恩是韩裔美国人,她领导的一个州立法者联盟去年帮助确保了为全州的亚裔美国人组织专门提供3000万美元的州政府资金。中国移民在一家临时酒店里未整理的床铺。中国移民的到来促成了纽约市亚裔人口的增长。While some of the newcomers have fled political and religious persecution in China, a growing number — including families, middle-class professionals and small business owners — are looking for more economic opportunity, said Edward Cuccia, an immigration lawyer in Chinatown, who has taken on more than 70 new Chinese asylum cases in the past two years. “America’s still the golden country in their eyes,” he said.唐人街的移民律师爱德华·库西亚说,虽然一些新来者是为了躲避中国的政治和宗教迫害,但越来越多的人——包括家庭、中产阶级专业人士和小企业主——正在寻找更多的经济机会。他在过去两年里新增了70多件中国移民寻求庇护的案子。“美国仍然是他们眼中的黄金国度,”他说。However, some migrants have found that they are not necessarily better off. At employment agencies in Flushing, dozens of recent migrants have returned day after day to sit on folding chairs waiting for jobs.但一些移民已发现,他们不一定会变得更富裕。数十名新移民们日复一日地回到法拉盛的就业机构,坐在折叠椅上等待工作机会。Doris He, 31, has been one of the luckier ones. Ms. He went to work at a small Chinese bakery after arriving in Flushing last year with her husband, Li Jianfeng, 35, and their 9-year-old son. Back in Xi’an, China, she had been a barista in a coffee shop.现年31岁的多丽丝·何(音)是比较幸运的人之一。去年,何女士与35岁的丈夫李建峰(音)和九岁的儿子来到法拉盛后,在一家小中式糕点店找到了工作。她离开西安前曾在一家咖啡店当过咖啡师。“It’s a good start here, but we don’t earn enough money yet,” Ms. He said. “Compared to China, we’re doing OK.”“虽然这是个好开端,但我们还没有挣到足够多的钱,”何女士说。“与在中国的时候相比,我们过得还行。”摄影:Victor J. BlueWinnie Hu为时报报道纽约人和社区新闻。点击查看更多关于她的信息。Jeffrey E. Singer自2008年开始为时报撰稿,他从事新闻行业已超过十年。作为记者,他还曾为Gothamist转告,报道从罪案新闻到政治、移民等一系列议题。点击查看更多关于他的信息。翻译:纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 中国“走线客”涌入纽约唐人街

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中国年度政府工作报告释放了哪些信号

艾莎, 储百亮2024年3月6日中国国务院总理李强周二在北京人民大会堂举行的全国人民代表大会开幕式上讲话。 Kevin Frayer/Getty ImagesBeijing was abuzz with politics on Tuesday. China’s annual legislative meeting — the National People’s Congress, when Communist Party leaders promote their solutions for national ills — opened for business.周二的北京政治气氛热烈。中国每年一次的立法会议——全国人民代表大会开幕了,中共领导人将在会议期间推出他们解决国家问题的方案。The event is a chance for the leaders to signal the direction of the economy and outline how and where the government will spend money in the coming year.这个年度会议是领导人示意经济发展方向,并阐述政府在未来一年将把钱花在哪里的机会。Yet while aiming high, they offered little. Officials signaled that they were not ready for any showstopping moves to revive an economy battered by a property crisis, the loss of consumer confidence and financial pressures of indebted local governments. Despite their reluctance to spend, China’s top leaders said the economy would grow around 5 percent this year.然而,虽然领导人的目标定很高,但他们提供的却很少。官员们发出的信号是,他们还不准备为重振经济拿出任何为人瞩目的措施,房地产危机、消费者信心丧失,以及负债累累的地方政府造成的财政压力已拖累了中国经济。虽然不愿花钱,但中国领导层仍把今年的经济增长目标设定在5%左右。The growth target and other policies came in a report given to the annual session of the legislature. It was delivered by China’s No. 2 official, Li Qiang, and is the marquee event in a weeklong gathering dominated by officials and party loyalists.这个增长目标和其他政策是在提交给全国人大的报告中提出的。报告由中国二号官员李强在会上宣读,在为期一周的会议上,这是重头戏,出席会议的主要是政府官员和党的忠实拥护者。Everyone agrees: The target is ambitious.所有的人都同意:这个增长目标雄心勃勃。There was one word economists universally used to describe China’s growth target of 5 percent: ambitious.经济学家们普遍用一个词来描述中国5%的增长目标:雄心勃勃。That once wouldn’t have been the case. For decades, China’s economy was synonymous with much higher growth, sometimes even in double digits. But three years of strict pandemic measures took a toll, and a deepening real estate crisis that has led to the collapse of dozens of developers. With China’s leaders short on action, some experts are now skeptical that China will pull off 5 percent growth this year.若是放在以前,这个目标并不算高。几十年来,中国的经济曾以远高于这个目标的速度增长,有时甚至是两位数。但三年严格的疫情防控措施已损害了经济,加剧了房地产危机,导致数十家开发商倒闭。由于中国领导人缺乏行动,一些专家现在对中国今年能否实现5%的增长持怀疑态度。碧桂园在南通开发的十里海湾项目建了一半的游乐场,摄于2023年。“It’s an unsurprisingly unrealistic set of targets,” said Logan Wright, director of China markets research at Rhodium Group, a firm that specializes in China research.“这是一组毫无疑问不切实际的目标,”荣鼎集团的中国市场研究主管洛根·赖特说,该公司专门从事中国研究。It was still possible that the property crisis could ease this year, Mr. Wright said, “but policy measures as outlined here will not have much to do with it.”虽然房地产危机今年仍有可能缓解,赖特说,“但政府工作报告里概述的政策措施对其不会起太大作用。”Wait, no ‘bazooka’?等等,没有‘大杀器’吗?Some people believed — or hoped, at least — that Tuesday’s reports would telegraph that China was ready to take bigger steps to resuscitate the economy, for example by bailing out local governments, rescuing the property companies that have not collapsed, or offering handouts to households to spur spending.一些人原以为——或至少曾希望——周二的政府工作报告会透露信息,表示中国已准备好采取更大手笔的措施来振兴经济,例如为地方政府提供救助,拯救尚未倒闭的房地产公司,或者为了刺激消费,向家庭发钱。Instead, the government said it would make available a similar amount of money as last year in special bonds for local governments. It offered no new measures for the property market and only talked about the need to boost consumer confidence.然而,政府表示,将用与去年数额相似的资金为地方政府提供专项债券。政府工作报告中没有为房地产市场采取新措施,只提到需要增强消费者信心。“They could have done more, and the support could have been greater,” said Tao Wang, chief China economist at UBS. “They need bigger explicit central government support,” she said.“他们本可以做得更多,本可以提供更大的支持,”瑞银证券中国首席经济学家汪涛说。“他们需要中央政府更明确的支持,”她说。It wasn’t just economists who were underwhelmed. Investors who hoped China would deploy the big guns were let down, too. In Hong Kong, where foreign investors can make bets on China’s biggest companies, the Hang Seng Index fell 2.6 percent.不只是经济学家感觉不到兴奋。曾希望中国拿出大手笔措施的投资者们也颇为失望。香港的恒生指数下跌了2.6%,香港股市是外国投资者能押注中国大公司的地方。“Anybody who is looking for the policy bazooka is going to be disappointed,” said Andrew Polk, co-founder of Trivium China, a research and advisory firm. “But,” he added, “that die was cast a while ago.”“任何期待政策大杀器的人都将失望,”研究和咨询公司策纬的联合创始人安德鲁·波尔克说。“但事已成定局已有一段时间了,”他补充道。When it comes to military, there is money to spend.涉及军事,就有钱花。China’s top leaders outlined plans to expand military spending by 7.2 percent in 2024, reaching about $231 billion. The percentage rise was the same as last year and continued a decades-long expansion of China’s military outlays, now the second largest in the world after the United States.中国领导层简单描述的计划是军费预算将在2024年增加7.2%,达到1.665万亿元人民币(约合2310亿美元)。增加的百分比与去年相同,延续了军费几十年来的增长趋势,中国的军事预算现居世界第二,仅次于美国。China’s spending on warships, jet fighters and other weapons is mostly about projecting power in Asia, including by cementing the country’s hold over the disputed South China Sea and menacing Taiwan, the self-ruled island democracy that Beijing says is its territory.中国在军舰、喷气式战斗机,以及其他武器上的支出主要是为了在亚洲投射力量,包括巩固中国对有争议的南中国海的控制,以及威胁台湾——北京称这个民主自治的岛屿是中国领土。周二,代表们在北京人民大会堂举行的全国人民代表大会开幕式前进入会场。In his report to the legislature, Mr. Li repeated China’s long-established warning against “separatist activities aimed at ‘Taiwan independence,’” adding that Beijing would “be firm in advancing the cause of China’s reunification.”李强在向全国人大提交的报告中重申了中国长期以来对“‘台独’分裂”的警告,并补充说,中国政府将“坚定不移推进祖国统一大业”。Mr. Li’s vague comments reflected how Chinese leaders are waiting for Taiwan’s president-elect, Lai Ching-te, to take office in May before they consider any big moves, which could include more military operations around the island, said Ou Si-fu, a researcher at the Institute for National Defense and Security Research, a think tank in Taipei under Taiwan’s ministry of defense.台湾国防部下属的台北智库台湾国防安全研究院的研究员欧锡富说,李强在台湾问题上的模糊说法反映了中国领导人正在观望,等台湾当选总统赖清德今年5月就职后再考虑采取任何大动作,其中可能包括在台湾周边进行更多的军事行动。But China’s continued heavy spending on its military showed that Xi Jinping would continue girding for potential conflict, if only to show Washington that it was serious about asserting its interests.但中国继续增加军费表明,习近平将继续为潜在的冲突做准备,即便只是为了向华盛顿表明,它在维护自身利益上是认真的。“Since the relationship with the United States is not good, of course China cannot show weakness too much,” Mr. Ou said.“因为与美国的关系不好,中国当然不能太多地示弱,”欧锡富说。Come join us. Sorry, the news conference is canceled.来加入我们吧。抱歉,记者会取消了。China invited journalists from around the world and handed out visas that have in most cases become difficult to obtain. For many foreign correspondents, this year’s National People’s Congress was the first time that the Chinese government has allowed them to enter China to report since the pandemic.中国邀请了世界各地的记者,发放了在大多数情况下已很难拿到的签证。对许多外国记者来说,今年的全国人大会议是疫情暴发以来,中国政府首次允许他们入境做报道。Yet the party also made an abrupt change to the way it would communicate at the congress. On Monday, it said it was scrapping a longstanding tradition: the premier’s news conference. It had been one of the few opportunities for journalists to interact with top officials. The decision to do away with the news conference, announced on the eve of the legislative conclave, was seen by many as another move away from transparency.然而,中共也突然改变了人大会期间与记者沟通的方式。周一,它宣布取消一个长期的传统:总理记者会。那曾是记者与中国高层官员沟通的为数不多的机会之一。在全国人大闭门开会的前夕宣布取消总理记者会,这个决定在许多人看来是向越来越不透明迈出的又一步。艾莎(Alexandra Stevenson)是时报上海分社社长,报道中国经济和社会新闻。点击查看更多关于她的信息。储百亮(Chris Buckley)是《纽约时报》首席中国记者,在台北报道中国和台湾问题,重点关注政治、社会变革以及安全和军事问题。点击查看更多关于他的信息。翻译:纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 中国年度政府工作报告释放了哪些信号

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General News 经济新闻 / 碧桂园遭债权人提起清盘呈请
« on: March 04, 2024, 12:13:03 AM »
碧桂园遭债权人提起清盘呈请

KEITH BRADSHER2024年2月29日镇江的碧桂园楼盘,摄于2023年。 Agence France-Presse — Getty ImagesCountry Garden, China’s largest real estate developer as recently as 2022, said on Wednesday that a creditor had asked a Hong Kong court to liquidate its operations and pay off lenders, in the latest sign that China’s housing crisis continues unabated.周三,2022年还是中国最大房地产开发商的碧桂园表示,一名债权人已呈请香港法院清算其业务并偿还贷款,这是中国住房危机持续发展的最新迹象。Ever Credit Ltd., a Hong Kong lender, is petitioning the city’s High Court to shut down Country Garden. The court filing involves Country Garden’s failure to repay a loan of $204 million plus interest owed to Ever Credit, the real estate developer told the Hong Kong stock market.香港贷款机构永恒信贷有限公司向香港高等法院申请关闭碧桂园。这家房地产开发商向香港股市表示,向法院提交的诉状涉及碧桂园未能偿还的约16亿港元贷款及利息。Ever Credit’s petition, known as a winding up petition, is meant to force Country Garden to close its doors and sell its assets to make money it can use to pay back its creditors. The move follows a High Court order last month for the liquidation of China Evergrande. Country Garden dethroned Evergrande as China’s largest developer in 2021 when Evergrande endured a financial collapse.永恒信贷的这种申请被称为清盘呈请,意在迫使碧桂园关闭并出售资产,以换取资金偿还债权人。该公司提出呈请前,高等法院在上个月下令清算中国恒大。2021年,恒大遭遇财务崩溃,碧桂园取代恒大成为中国最大的开发商。Country Garden said it would fight the court petition “vigorously,” and that the first hearing on the petition had been scheduled for May 17.碧桂园表示,它将“坚决”反对呈请,有关清盘呈请的首次听证会定于5月17日举行。More than 50 Chinese property developers have defaulted on debts since 2021. They have refused to repay overseas creditors while still making arrangements with Chinese banks for possible eventual repayment.自2021年以来,已有50多家中国房地产开发商出现违约。它们拒绝偿还海外债权人的债务,同时仍在与中国的银行安排可能的最终还款。Many of these developers have shares listed on the Hong Kong stock market or have borrowed there, or both. But creditors face formidable obstacles in seeking to recover loans from Chinese real estate developers through petitions to the court system in Hong Kong, said Zerlina Zeng, the head of East Asia corporate credits at CreditSights, a global credit research firm.其中许多开发商的股票在香港股市上市,或曾在香港借贷,或两者皆有。全球信贷研究公司CreditSights的东亚企业信贷主管泽里娜·曾(音)表示,但债权人通过香港法院系统向中国房地产开发商追讨贷款面临着巨大障碍。Most of the assets of Chinese developers are in mainland China, where courts might not recognize liquidation orders from Hong Kong. Even if mainland courts order liquidation sales of developers’ buildings, China’s increasingly strict limits on moving money out of the mainland could make it hard for creditors to lay their hands on the proceeds of those sales.中国开发商的大部分资产都在中国大陆,那里的法院可能不承认来自香港的清算令。即使内地法院下令清算出售开发商的房产,中国对资金流出内地的限制越来越严格,债权人也很难拿到出售房产的收益。“We do not think that the winding up order would manage to improve the recovery rate” for debt repayment, Ms. Zeng said.曾女士说,“我们不认为清盘令能够提高债务偿还的回收率。”Country Garden essentially ran out of money last October to repay debts. Households in China have cut back sharply on purchases of apartments from private-sector developers like Country Garden as housing prices have slid steeply over the past two years.去年10月,碧桂园基本上已经无力偿还债务。随着过去两年房价急剧下滑,中国家庭已大幅减少购买碧桂园等民营地产商开发的公寓。Without cash from continued sales, developers have been unable to finish construction of millions of apartments that they had presold to buyers all over China. Nomura Securities of Japan estimated last month that 20 million presold homes awaited completion in China, and would require $450 billion to finish.由于无法从持续销售中获得现金,开发商无法完成向中国各地购房者预售的数百万套公寓的建设。日本野村证券上个月估计,中国有2000万套预售房屋等待完工,需要4500亿美元才能竣工。China’s real estate developers relied for many years on selling apartments before they were built, and then using the cash to finish other apartments that had previously been promised to other buyers. But that financial model has fallen apart as households have recoiled from dealings with private-sector developers that are having trouble finishing previous deals.中国的房地产开发商多年来一直依赖于在公寓建成之前将其售出,然后用现金来完成之前承诺交付给买家的其他公寓。但这种金融模式已经瓦解,因为家庭不愿从民营开发商手里购房,这些开发商在完成之前的交易时遇到了困难。Country Garden’s presales of unfinished apartments plummeted 74 percent in the second half of last year from the same period in 2022. And the overall real estate industry’s troubles in China are growing even worse this year, with preliminary data showing that sales plunged another 40 percent at Lunar New Year earlier this month compared to the same holiday last year.碧桂园去年下半年未完工公寓的预售量同比暴跌了74%。今年,中国房地产市场的整体问题更加严重。初步数据显示,与去年春节相比,本月初春节期间的销售额又暴跌了40%。Mainland China is not alone in having real estate troubles right now — they have also spread to Hong Kong. Paul Chan, the city’s financial secretary, said on Wednesday in his annual budget address that he would repeal measures previously intended to curb speculation in Hong Kong apartments.目前,不只是中国大陆的房地产业面临困境,这些问题也蔓延到了香港。香港财政司司长陈茂波周三在其年度财政预算报告中表示,他将废除之前旨在抑制香港公寓投机行为的措施。Keith Bradsher是《纽约时报》北京分社社长,此前曾任上海分社社长、香港分社社长、底特律分社社长,以及华盛顿记者。他在新冠疫情期间常驻中国进行报道。 点击查看更多关于他的信息。翻译:纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 碧桂园遭债权人提起清盘呈请

9
中国对台湾的“越线”行为必须被制止

BEN LEWIS2024年2月27日 Greg Baker/Agence France-Presse — Getty ImagesIn 2020, the balance of military power in the Taiwan Strait began a gradual but profound shift in China’s favor.2020年,台湾海峡的军事力量平衡开始朝着有利于中国的方向逐步但却深刻地转变。That August, Alex Azar, then the Health and Human Services secretary, became the highest-ranking U.S. cabinet official to visit Taiwan in more than four decades. Though he was there to talk about the pandemic, China’s People’s Liberation Army (P.L.A.) responded by carrying out large-scale military exercises around the self-governing island, sending aircraft over the median line of the Taiwan Strait for only the third time in more than 20 years. Since then, China has responded to such visits and other perceived provocations by flying more than 4,800 sorties, with growing numbers of aircraft flying in locations previously seen as off-limits and conducting dozens of increasingly complex air and naval military exercises around Taiwan.那年8月,时任美国卫生与公众服务部部长亚历克斯·阿扎尔成为40多年来访问台湾的最高级别美国内阁官员。尽管他是去讨论疫情的,但中国人民解放军却以在这个自治岛屿周围进行大规模军事演习作为回应,派遣飞机飞越台湾海峡中线,20多年来,这种情况仅发生了三次。自那以后,作为对这种访问和其他被视为挑衅的行为的回应,中国出动了4800多架次飞机,越来越多的飞机在以前被视为禁区的地方飞行,并在台湾周围进行了数十次日益复杂的海空军事演习。The P.L.A.’s now-normalized presence around Taiwan raises the risk of an accidental confrontation. But over the longer term, it has also gradually created a dangerous sense of complacency in Taipei and Washington, while giving China the crucial operational practice it might one day need to seize the island.中国人民解放军在台湾周围常态化的存在增加了发生意外对抗的风险。但从长期来看,这还渐渐让台北和美国进入一种逆来顺受的状态,同时让中国可以展开未来夺岛作战所需的关键训练。As a military analyst specializing in China and Taiwan who has spent the last two years managing an open-source database tracking Chinese military activity, I am deeply concerned about the dangers that this activity poses. Alarm bells should be ringing, but neither Taiwan nor the United States have taken meaningful action to deter China, and Taiwan’s response has been inconsistent and lacks transparency, which may further embolden Beijing. A more robust approach is needed to deter China from escalating the situation.作为一名专门研究中国大陆和台湾的军事分析人员,我在过去两年时间里管理着一个追踪中国军事活动的开源数据库,我对这些活动带来的危险深感担忧。警钟应该一直在响,但台湾和美国都没有采取有意义的行动来威慑中国,台湾的反应一直前后不一,缺乏透明度,这可能会进一步鼓励北京。需要采取更强硬的方式来阻止中国令局势升级。In 2020, shortly after China began raising the pressure, Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense started releasing daily reports on Chinese military activity inside the island’s Air Defense Identification Zone, a perimeter extending beyond Taiwan’s territorial waters and airspace that is monitored to provide early warning of approaching Chinese planes or missiles. In previous years, China rarely entered the zone. But in 2020, P.L.A. aircraft breached it nearly 400 times. Last year, that number exceeded 1,700.2020年,在中国开始施压后不久,台湾国防部开始每天发布大陆在台湾防空识别区内的军事活动报告。防空识别区是一个延伸至台湾领海和领空以外的区域,台湾对其进行监控,以便在大陆飞机或导弹接近时提供预警。前几年,中国很少进入该区域。但在2020年,解放军飞机闯入该区域近400次。去年,这一数字超过了1700。Beijing has steadily pushed the envelope. P.L.A. forces also rarely crossed the median line of the Taiwan Strait, the halfway point between China and Taiwan. But in August 2022, after a visit to Taiwan by Nancy Pelosi, then the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, Chinese forces crossed the line 302 times that month, essentially erasing it as a functional boundary. Today, Chinese aircraft continue to cross the line almost daily, leaving Taiwan only minutes to assess China’s intentions in a dangerous guessing game that leaves the door open for miscalculation. Since last year, China also has essentially established a permanent naval presence around the island.北京一直在不断挑战极限。过去,解放军也很少越过台湾海峡的中线,即中国和台湾中间的界线。但在2022年8月,时任众议院议长佩洛西访问台湾后,中国军队当月越过这条线302次,基本上抹去了它的边界线功能。如今,中国飞机几乎每天都在越界,台湾只有几分钟的时间来评估中国的意图,这是一场危险的猜谜游戏,为误判敞开了大门。此外,自去年以来,中国基本上在该岛周围建立了永久性的海军力量。With no official contact between Beijing and Taipei for the past eight years, the chances of defusing an inadvertent clash are limited. An isolated confrontation could escalate into an attack by China or to a rapid deployment of the now well-drilled air and naval forces it has around Taiwan, cutting the island off from any U.S. help and dramatically reducing American military options.由于过去八年,北京和台北之间没有任何官方接触,化解一场意外冲突的可能性非常有限。一场孤立的对抗事件可能升级为中国的攻击,或者导致中国在台湾周围迅速部署现在已经训练有素的空军和海军部队,切断美国对台湾的任何帮助,并大大减少美国的军事选项。This tense climate is straining Taiwan’s defenses. In early 2021, Taiwan stopped scrambling jets for every violation of the island’s Air Defense Identification Zone after spending almost nine percent of the previous year’s defense budget on monitoring Chinese aircraft.这种紧张的气氛使台湾的防御系统捉襟见肘。2021年初,台湾停止了针对每次侵犯台湾防空识别区的行为都出动战机的做法,此前一年,台湾将国防预算的近9%用于监视中国大陆飞机。This atmosphere also has sown policy confusion. In October 2022, after the incursions following Ms. Pelosi’s visit, Taiwan’s defense ministry announced that any P.L.A. aircraft that violate Taiwan’s territorial air and sea space — 12 nautical miles from the island’s shores — will be viewed as a “first strike,” likely meaning they would be shot down.这种氛围也造成了政策上的混乱。2022年10月,在佩洛西访问台湾之后,台湾国防部宣布,任何解放军飞机如侵犯台湾领空和领海——距离台湾海岸12海里范围内——都将被视为“第一击”,这可能意味着它们将被击落。Since then, no incursions by P.L.A. aircraft have been publicly revealed, but China has tested Taiwan’s policy by sending at least 27 balloons into the island’s territorial airspace since the start of this year, forcing Taipei to choose between taking no action, which gives Beijing tacit permission to continue to violate the island’s airspace, or shooting down the balloons, which could provoke China. So far, Taiwan is not known to have taken any action against the balloons that have entered its airspace.从那以后,解放军飞机的侵犯行为没有被公开披露,但自今年年初以来,中国向台湾领土领空发送了至少27个气球,以此试探台湾的政策,迫使台北在不采取行动或击落气球之间选择——前者等于默许北京继续侵犯台湾领空,后者可能会激怒中国。到目前为止,台湾尚未对进入其领空的气球采取任何行动。Taipei’s approach to sharing information about Chinese activities with the public has not been fully transparent, marked by unexplained changes in how much information it releases. Caution is understandable to avoid raising public alarm. But a lack of transparency also prevents the government from communicating the true situation to Taiwan’s people, which could lead to calls for a different policy.台北与公众分享有关中国活动信息的方式并不完全透明,其发布的信息数量发生了没有解释的变化。为了避免引起公众恐慌,谨慎是可以理解的。但缺乏透明度也阻碍了政府向台湾人民传达真实情况,这可能导致人们呼吁采取不同的政策。Taiwanese made their desires clear last month when they chose Lai Ching-te, who is committed to the island’s sovereignty, as their next president. Mr. Lai’s victory presents a chance for his government to adopt a more transparent approach to Beijing’s military aggression similar to that of the Philippines, which has demonstrated that drawing attention to Chinese actions in the South China Sea can help build domestic, regional and international support for efforts to counter that aggression.上个月,台湾人民通过选择致力于台湾主权的赖清德担任下一任总统,明确表达了他们的愿望。赖清德的胜选为政府提供了一个机会,使其对北京的军事侵略能够采取一种更透明的、类似于菲律宾的做法。菲律宾已经证明,引起对中国在南海行动的关注有助于在国内、地区和国际范围内为对抗这种侵略赢得支持。In Washington, there is bipartisan support for Taiwan, and President Biden has repeatedly stated that the United States would come to the island’s defense. The Taiwan Relations Act, which has governed American policy toward the island for four decades, explicitly states that any moves to determine Taiwan’s future by other than peaceful means would be of “grave concern.” But America has come up with no specific response to China’s recent military activity.在华盛顿,两党都支持台湾,拜登总统多次表示,美国将保卫台湾。40年来,美国对台政策一直遵循《台湾关系法》,该法明确规定,任何以非和平方式决定台湾未来的举动都将受到“严重关切”。但是美国没有对中国最近的军事活动做出具体回应。The United States must make clear to China that its military activities could spark a war and are no longer acceptable. Washington should also coordinate with Taipei on more effective ways to deter Chinese provocations, such as through increased information sharing, air patrol exercises and ensuring that the island is fully equipped and prepared to defend its sovereignty.美国必须向中国表明,其军事活动可能引发战争,这是不可接受的。华盛顿还应与台北协调,以更有效的方式遏制中国的挑衅,例如加强信息共享、空中巡逻演习,并确保台湾拥有充分的装备和准备来捍卫其主权。America’s strategic attention is being consumed by wars in Ukraine and the Middle East. But if the United States takes its eye off the perilous situation facing Taiwan, there soon may be no lines left for China to cross.美国的战略注意力正被乌克兰和中东的战争所消耗。但是,如果美国把目光从台湾面临的危险局势上移开,中国可能很快就会越过所有的线了。 Ben Lewis (@officialben_l)是一名独立国防分析师,专门研究中国和台湾军事和安全议题。他是追踪中国军事行动和发展的网站PLATracker的联合创始人,并负责管理该网站关于中国在台湾周边军事活动的数据库。翻译:纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 中国对台湾的“越线”行为必须被制止

10
美国国会议员代表团访问台湾,强调对台坚定支持

储百亮, AMY CHANG CHIEN2024年2月22日周四,台湾台北,蔡英文总统与威斯康辛州共和党众议员迈克·加拉格尔会面。 Ben Blanchard/ReutersVisiting U.S. lawmakers sought to assure Taiwan on Thursday that the United States would stand by it in the face of pressure from China, though a bill that includes support for the island has stalled in Congress, and divisions over aid for Ukraine have fanned wider questions about Washington’s commitment to its partners.周四,来访的美国议员试图向台湾保证,面对中国的压力,美国将与台湾站在一起——尽管一项包括支持台湾的法案在国会陷入僵局,而对乌克兰援助的分歧引发了关于华盛顿对其盟友承诺的更广泛疑问。“Today we’ve come as Democrats and Republicans to show bipartisan support for this partnership,” Representative Mike Gallagher, the Wisconsin Republican who is leading the congressional delegation to Taiwan, told President Tsai Ing-wen in Taipei, the capital. Journalists were allowed to witness initial remarks in the meeting between Ms. Tsai and the delegation before being ushered out.“今天,我们以民主党和共和党人的身份来到这里,表达两党对这一伙伴关系的支持,”带领国会代表团前往台湾的威斯康辛州共和党众议员迈克·加拉格尔在台北对蔡英文总统说。蔡英文与代表团会面开始时的讲话允许记者在场,随后记者被请出场外。The five House members on the delegation — all members of the House Select Committee on the Chinese Communist Party, which Mr. Gallagher heads — are the latest in a recent succession of American visitors to voice support for Taiwan, at a time when leaders in Washington are also trying to shore up security support for Ukraine and Israel.代表团中的五名众议员——均为由加拉格尔领导的众议院中共问题特设委员会的成员——是近期一系列美国来访者中最新的一批,他们表达了对台湾的支持。与此同时,华盛顿的领导人也在试图加强对乌克兰和以色列的安全支持。Taiwan, which has no formal diplomatic ties with the United States, has often turned to American lawmakers for backing, and a dispute in the Capitol over military aid for Ukraine has highlighted the influence that Congress can have over the use of American power abroad.与美国没有正式外交关系的台湾经常向美国立法者寻求支持,而国会对乌克兰军事援助的争议凸显了国会对美国在海外运用权力的影响力。Ms. Tsai told the lawmakers — including two other Republicans, John Moolenaar of Michigan and Dusty Johnson of South Dakota, and two Democrats, Raja Krishnamoorthi of Illinois and Seth Moulton of Massachusetts — that their visit “further highlights the close partnership between Taiwan and the United States.”蔡英文告诉议员们,他们的访问“凸显台美之间紧密的伙伴关系”。来访议员中包括两名共和党议员:密歇根州的约翰·莫勒纳尔和南达科他州的达斯蒂·约翰逊;以及两名民主党议员:伊利诺伊州的拉贾·克里希纳莫尔蒂和马萨诸塞州的塞斯·莫尔顿。“We hope to see even more exchanges between Taiwan and the United States in a range of domains in the new year,” Ms. Tsai said. “We will work together with even more like-minded countries to strengthen the resiliency of global democratic supply chains and contribute to development and prosperity around the world.”“新的一年我们希望台美之间在各项议题都有更密切的交流,”蔡英文说。“也和更多理念相近的国家共同强化全球民主供应链的韧性,创造全球的繁荣发展。”Mr. Krishnamoorthi, the committee’s top-ranking Democrat, told Ms. Tsai that the bipartisan nature of the delegation “shows you the strength of our partnership.”中共问题特设委员会中的最资深民主党人克里希纳莫尔蒂告诉蔡英文,代表团的两党联合性质“展示了我们伙伴关系的强大”。Taiwan is three months away from a presidential transition, and officials fear it could soon see economic retaliation and intimidating displays of military force from China, which treats it as a breakaway region that must eventually embrace unification — by force, if leaders in Beijing decide that is necessary.三个月后,台湾将进行总统权力交接。官员们担心,台湾可能很快会遭到中国的经济报复和恐吓性的军力展示。中国将台湾视为一个分裂地区,必须最终实现统一——如果北京领导人认为必要的话,可以使用武力实现这一目标。Both Ms. Tsai and the president-elect, Lai Ching-te, are members of the Democratic Progressive Party, which has emphasized Taiwan’s status as separate from China, though it has stopped short of implementing formal independence, which Beijing has warned could trigger armed conflict. China, no friend of Ms. Tsai, seems even more antagonistic toward Mr. Lai, who described himself years ago as a “pragmatic worker for Taiwanese independence.”蔡英文和候任总统赖清德都是民进党成员,该党一直强调台湾独立于中国的地位,但并没有寻求正式的独立,北京曾警告称这可能会引发武装冲突。中国对蔡英文没有好感,对赖清德似乎更加敌视,后者多年前曾自称是“务实台独工作者”。Mr. Lai has said that he will follow Ms. Tsai’s measured approach to China and not seek to change Taiwan’s status quo, but Chinese officials have already signaled that they see little room for negotiations with the new president.赖清德表示,他将遵循蔡英文对中国采取的谨慎态度,不寻求改变台湾现状,但中国官员已经表示,他们认为与这位新总统谈判的余地不大。Officials in Taiwan are closely watching the political situation in the United States, especially with the presidential election looming in November, experts say. Many in Taiwan see the United States as a vital partner in the face of China’s threats. But there is also an undercurrent of doubt about American commitment, amplified by propaganda from China, and some in Taiwan argue that it has become too entangled in the rivalry between Beijing and Washington.专家表示,台湾官员正在密切关注美国的政治局势,尤其是在11月总统大选即将到来之际。许多台湾人认为美国是应对中国威胁的重要伙伴。但也有一些观点对美国的承诺表示怀疑,而来自中国的宣传又放大了这种怀疑,台湾的一些人认为,该岛已经过多地卷入了北京和华盛顿之间的竞争。A proposed U.S. supplementary budget approved by the Senate, which features aid for Ukraine and Israel, also offers support for Taiwan, including $1.9 billion that could help open up its access to American weapons stockpiles.在参议院批准的美国补充预算提案中,除了向乌克兰和以色列提供援助外,还向台湾提供了支持,其中包括提供19亿美元以帮助台湾获得美国的武器储备。But the Republican speaker of the House of Representatives, Mike Johnson, has indicated that he will not let the bill go to a vote on the House floor. And billions of dollars in Taiwanese orders of American weapons are already backlogged, reflecting strains on the U.S. military industrial base that existed even before it began sending armaments to Ukraine.但众议院共和党议长迈克·约翰逊表示,他不会让该法案在众议院进行表决。而台湾已经有数十亿美元的美国武器订单处于积压状态,反映出美国军工基地承受的压力,而这种压力甚至在美国开始向乌克兰运送武器装备之前就已经存在。“With the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East, people are worried about whether something will happen in the Taiwan Strait,” said Shu Hsiao-huang, a researcher at the Institute for National Defense and Security Research, which is funded by Taiwan’s defense ministry. “People are worried about whether these things can be delivered to Taiwan as scheduled.”“俄乌加上中东冲突,人们会担心在台海会不会生事。”台湾国防部资助的国防安全研究院的研究员舒孝煌说。“人们会担心这些东西是不是能够如期交到台湾手上。”Mr. Shu said that the island “absolutely welcomes members of the U.S. Congress visiting Taiwan. But now we’re more concerned about the issue of delayed deliveries.”他说,岛内“绝对欢迎美国国会议员前来访问台湾。但是我们现在比较关心的问题很多是延迟交货的问题了"。China has held increasingly frequent military activities around Taiwan in recent years, and it sometimes escalates them to display its displeasure. But it has held no major drills in the area since Mr. Lai won Taiwan’s presidential election in January. Taiwanese officials, though, have said that could change as the May 20 inauguration nears.近年来,中国在台湾周边进行军事活动的频率愈发频繁,并在有些时候将军事活动升级以表不满。不过,自赖清德1月赢得台湾总统大选后,北京尚未在该地区举行大型军演。但台湾官员表示过随着5月20日赖清德宣誓就职日益临近,现状可能会发生改变。This week, China’s coast guard held patrols near Kinmen, a Taiwan-controlled island near the Chinese coast, after two Chinese men died in the area. The men were on a Chinese boat that had entered Taiwanese waters around Kinmen, and they died after Taiwan’s coast guard chased the vessel, which capsized. Taiwan has said it is investigating the incident.本周,在两名中国男子在金门地区丧生后,中国海警开始在该地区附近进行巡逻。金门是临近中国海岸线、由台湾控制的岛屿。这两名男子所乘船只在金门周边台湾水域被台湾海警追逐,并在船倾覆后死亡。台湾表示正在调查该事件。Earlier this year, Chinese authorities unilaterally altered an air route that Taiwanese commercial flights take over the strait between the two sides. Officials in Taipei denounced the move, saying it could make flying in the area more dangerous.今年早些时候,中国当局单方面更改了台湾民航在海峡上空飞行的航线,台北的官员对这一做法做出谴责,表示这将增加在该地区飞行的危险性。Even as Republican lawmakers have become increasingly skeptical about aid for Ukraine, many of them endorse military support for Taiwan as a bulwark against China, which they see as a primary threat to the United States. Even so, several policy experts said that a halt in U.S. aid to Ukraine could be unsettling for Taiwan.尽管对援助乌克兰日益持怀疑态度,许多共和党议员仍支持对台湾提供军事支持,以作为对抗中国的堡垒,而他们将中国视为对美国最大的威胁。即便如此,一些政策专家表示,美国对乌克兰暂停援助可能让台湾感到不安。Ms. Tsai and other Taiwanese politicians have often voiced solidarity with Ukraine, and public support in Taiwan for ramping up preparations for a potential Chinese attack rose after the Russian invasion two years ago. The Biden administration has said that Ukraine’s recent withdrawal from the city of Avdiivka reflected Congress’s failure to provide extra funds to support its war effort.蔡英文及其他台湾政治人物常常发声支持乌克兰,此外两年前俄罗斯入侵后,越来越多的台湾人支持就中国可能发起的攻击做好准备。拜登政府已经表示,乌克兰近期从阿夫迪耶夫卡的撤出表明,国会未能提供额外资金支持该国的战争努力。“A significant group in Taiwan focused on foreign affairs are paying very close attention to developments in Ukraine,” I-Chung Lai, the president of the Prospect Foundation, a Taipei think tank aligned with the Democratic Progressive Party, said in an interview. “Our view is that a defeat of Ukraine is going to embolden China, and also would discredit not just NATO, but basically the whole Western democracies, and it would have a psychological impact in Taiwan.”“台湾一个关注外交事务的重要团体正在密切关注乌克兰的局势,”台北的智库、与民进党有关联的远景基金会会长赖怡忠接受采访时说。“我们的观点是乌克兰战败会让中国变得更加大胆,不是只有北约失去信誉,是整个西方民主,并且会在台湾带来心理上的影响。”Mr. Gallagher would appear well cast to address any anxieties in Taiwan. A former Marine, he has argued that the United States should ramp up weapons production to deter its adversaries.加拉格尔似乎是帮台湾缓解焦虑的理想人选。作为前海军陆战队队员,他提出过美国应当加强武器生产以威慑对手。In early 2023, he became the founding chairman of the House committee on the Chinese Communist Party, which has called for vigorously countering Beijing’s global influence. But Mr. Gallagher said this month that he would not seek re-election to Congress.2002年初,他成为了众议院中共问题特设委员会的创始主席,该委员会呼吁积极对抗中国的全球影响力。但加拉格尔本月表示他将不会寻求连任。储百亮(Chris Buckley)是《纽约时报》首席中国记者,在台北报道中国和台湾问题,重点关注政治、社会变革以及安全和军事问题。点击查看更多关于他的信息。Amy Chang Chien在台湾为《纽约时报》报道中国大陆和台湾新闻。点击查看更多关于她的信息。翻译:纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 美国国会议员代表团访问台湾,强调对台坚定支持

11
中国的“体育场外交”给非洲国家带来了什么

ELIAN PELTIER, JOAO SILVA2024年2月21日位于科特迪瓦阿比让郊区的阿拉萨内·瓦塔拉体育场由中国建造,这里的的六万个座位一直难以坐满。 Joao Silva/The New York TimesThe Alassane Ouattara stadium rises like a piece of sculpture from the dusty brown earth north of Ivory Coast’s largest city, its undulating roof and white columns towering over the empty landscape like a spaceship that has dropped onto a uninhabited planet.在科特迪瓦共和国最大城市的北部,阿拉萨内·瓦塔拉体育场就像一座雕塑,从尘土飞扬的棕色土地上拔地而起,起伏的屋顶和白色圆柱耸立在空旷的大地之上,如同一艘掉落在无人星球上的宇宙飞船。On Sunday, the three-and-a-half-year-old stadium will host its signature moment, when the national soccer teams of Ivory Coast and Nigeria compete in the final of Africa’s biggest sporting event, in front of tens of thousands of fans chanting and cheering in a stadium financed and built by China.本周日,这座建于三年半以前的体育场将迎来它的标志性时刻,科特迪瓦国家足球队和尼日利亚国家足球队将在这座由中国出资并建造的体育场内,在数万名球迷的呐喊和欢呼声中,角逐非洲最大体育赛事的决赛奖杯。While that is nothing new for the tournament, the Africa Cup of Nations, the arena is just the latest example of the contradictions that emerge from Chinese projects built on Chinese terms, and on African soil.虽然这对非洲国家杯这项赛事来说并不是什么新鲜事,但这个场馆却是按照中国的条件在非洲土地上建设中国项目导致矛盾的最新例证。Stadiums have been a cornerstone of China’s diplomatic reach into Africa since the 1970s, but their number has increased since the early 2000s, part of a larger Chinese strategy to build infrastructure — from highways to railroads, ports to presidential palaces and even the headquarters of the African Union — in exchange for diplomatic clout or access to natural resources.自20世纪70年代以来,体育场馆一直是中国在非洲开展外交活动的基石,但从21世纪初开始,体育场馆的数量不断增加,成为中国建设基础设施——从高速公路到铁路、港口到总统府,甚至非洲联盟会议中心——以换取外交影响力或自然资源的更大战略的一部分。Through that trillion-dollar program, known as the Belt and Road Initiative, China has become a central partner to the developing countries that benefit from expensive projects they might not otherwise be able to afford. But Chinese construction has sometimes been accompanied by charges of local corruption, and critics have questioned the value of the big-budget projects, noting they deliver dubious long-term economic benefits but very real debts that governments can struggle to repay.通过这项被称为“一带一路”倡议的万亿美元计划,中国已成为发展中国家的核心合作伙伴,这些国家可以受益于它们本来可能无力承担的昂贵项目。但是,中国的建设有时也伴随着地方的腐败指控,批评者质疑这些大预算项目的价值,指出它们带来的长期经济效益存疑,但却带来了让政府苦于无法偿还的真实债务。“China doesn’t ask why you need a stadium,” said Itamar Dubinsky, a researcher at the African Studies Program at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. “It just finances and builds it.”“中国不会问你为什么需要一个体育场,”以色列内盖夫本·古里安大学非洲研究项目的研究员伊塔马尔·杜宾斯基说。“中国只会出资然后建造它。”由于通往瓦塔拉体育场的道路尚未开通,步行前往体育场可能需要一个小时。批评人士说,中国建造的体育场馆很少有配套的基础设施。南非队球员在与摩洛哥队的比赛中。阿比让的几内亚球迷。国家杯是非洲最大的体育赛事。Over the past two decades, Chinese companies have built or renovated dozens of stadiums across Africa, including, in the past 15 years, nearly half of those that have hosted matches in the Africa Cup of Nations. That total includes three of the six used for this year’s tournament, whose showpiece is the 60,000-seat Ouattara stadium, designed and built by two Chinese state-owned companies.在过去二十年里,中国公司在非洲各地建造或翻新了数十座体育场馆,其中近一半在过去15年里举办过非洲国家杯比赛,今年比赛使用的六座体育场中有三座,其代表作是由两家中国国有企业设计和建造的可容纳60000人的瓦塔拉体育场。Its exterior of white columns and curving arches — inset with panels tinted green and orange, the national colors of Ivory Coast — is a stylistic improvement from earlier projects on the continent, which critics have derided as drab concrete monoliths.它的外观由白色圆柱和弧形拱门构成,镶嵌着科特迪瓦的国家色——绿色和橙色——的面板,与非洲大陆早期的项目相比,在风格造型上有所改进,那些早期场馆被评论家讥讽为单调乏味的混凝土巨石。But three years after the stadium hosted its first game, the new road leading to it still hasn’t opened, forcing fans to walk for up to an hour to reach or leave the arena, and the sports city around it has yet to materialize. That, critics say, is another regular feature of the projects. Chinese-built stadiums are rarely delivered with the infrastructure to support them, or the know-how to maintain them.但在体育场举办了其首场比赛三年后,通往体育场的新路仍未开通,球迷们不得不步行长达一小时才能到达或离开体育场,而体育场周围的体育城也尚未建成。批评人士说,这也是这些项目的另一个常见特点。中国建造的体育场馆很少有配套的基础设施和维护相关的技术。Yet for countless fans who watched games over the past month, what mattered lay elsewhere. Ivory Coast, bouncing back from civil war and boasting one of West Africa’s largest economies and a dynamic middle class, has showcased its ability to host a major tournament in state-of-the-art facilities.然而,对于过去一个月观看比赛的无数球迷来说,重点在其他方面。从内战中恢复过来的科特迪瓦拥有西非最大的经济体之一,以及充满活力的中产阶级,该国展示了其在先进设施内举办大型赛事的能力。“One can only be impressed,” one fan, Halima Duret, said as she scanned the stands on a recent evening. An interior designer living in Abidjan, Ms. Duret was attending a soccer game for the first time, and it was a special one. Her home country’s team, Guinea, had reached the quarterfinals. “What a beauty,” she added.“一定会给人留下深刻印象,”最近一个晚上,一位名叫哈利玛·杜雷特的球迷看着场馆的看台时说。杜雷特是住在阿比让的一名室内设计师,这是她第一次观看足球比赛,而且是一场特殊的比赛。她的祖国几内亚队进入了四分之一决赛。她还说:“太美了。”The partnership between China and Ivory Coast, a major producer of rubber and cocoa, is emblematic of the way China has eagerly pursued ties with resource-rich African countries.科特迪瓦是橡胶和可可的主要生产国,它与中国的合作关系,是后者热切寻求与资源丰富的非洲国家建立联系的体现。As Chinese and Ivorian workers were building the stadium in Ebimpé, on the outskirts of Abidjan, President Alassane Ouattara visited his Chinese counterpart, Xi Jinping, in Beijing in 2018 to strengthen the countries’ relations. Since then, Ivory Coast has increased its exports of rubber and crude oil to China, which has become Ivory Coast’s largest trading partner. China is also financing the expansion of Abidjan’s port, one of its largest Belt and Road Initiative projects in West Africa.就在中国和科特迪瓦工人在阿比让郊区的埃宾佩修建体育场时,阿拉萨内·瓦塔拉总统于2018年前往北京访问国家主席习近平,以加强两国关系。此后,科特迪瓦增加了对中国的橡胶和原油出口,中国已成为该国最大的贸易伙伴。中国还在资助阿比让港口的扩建,这是其在西非最大的“一带一路”倡议项目之一。一名小贩在阿比让的一个市场上出售科特迪瓦的小商品。东道主科特迪瓦将在周日的决赛中对阵尼日利亚。中国的“一带一路”倡议在非洲修建了桥梁、铁路和港口。科特迪瓦人庆祝国家队在非洲杯四分之一决赛中战胜马里。When China’s foreign minister, Wang Yi, visited Ivory Coast during the Africa Cup of Nations last month, he thanked Mr. Ouattara for his country’s support to China’s “vital interests,” including on Taiwan. Mr. Ouattara vowed to deepen the bilateral relationship and said the countries shared a similar vision of the world order.在上个月非洲国家杯期间访问科特迪瓦时,中国外交部长王毅感谢瓦塔拉总统的国家支持中国的“重大利益”,包括在台湾问题上的利益。瓦塔拉总统誓言要深化双边关系,并表示两国对世界秩序有着相似的愿景。While stadiums might not be the biggest infrastructure projects, or the most worthwhile, they are popular, at least at first, experts on China-Africa relations said.研究中非关系的专家认为,虽然体育场馆可能不是最大的基础设施项目,也不是最有价值的项目,但至少在一开始,它们很受欢迎。“A stadium is one of the most eye-catching signs of China’s ability to contribute to the development of African countries,” said Filomène Ebi, an Ivorian Sinologist and associate researcher at the National Taiwan University. “Most people in Ivory Coast know that China built the Ouattara stadium,” she said.科特迪瓦汉学家、国立台湾大学副研究员菲洛梅娜·埃比说:“体育场是中国有能力为非洲国家发展做出贡献的最醒目标志之一。”她说:“大多数科特迪瓦人都知道中国建造了瓦塔拉体育场。”As mass consumption of sports booms in Africa, other countries have joined the game. A Turkish construction company built Senegal’s new national soccer stadium, which will host the Youth Olympic Games in 2026. And “Visit Saudi Arabia” is the main sponsor of a new pan-African soccer league.随着大众体育消费在非洲蓬勃发展,其他国家也加入了这一行列。一家土耳其建筑公司建造了塞内加尔的国家足球场,该体育场将于2026年举办青年奥运会。“来沙特旅游”(Visit Saudi Arabia)是一个新的泛非足球联赛的主要赞助商。Western companies and governments are also playing: The French oil company Total Energies is the Africa Cup of Nations’ main sponsor, and the N.B.A. is a main backer of the Basketball Africa League.西方公司和政府也参与其中:法国道达尔能源公司是非洲国家杯的主要赞助商,美国国家篮球协会是非洲篮球联赛的主要支持者。But no country has poured more effort into embedding itself into Africa’s sports scene than China, and countries hosting the Cup of Nations have been favored recipients. All of the stadiums built for recent editions of the tournament in Angola and Gabon were built by Chinese companies. And in Kenya’s capital, Nairobi, a Chinese company is renovating the stadium where President William Ruto was inaugurated, and which will host soccer games for the 2027 edition of the cup.但是在融入非洲体育界方面,没有哪个国家比中国投入了更多努力,而非洲杯的主办国一直是最受青睐的受资助者。在安哥拉和加蓬主办的最近几届非洲杯赛事的所有体育场都是由中国公司建造的。在肯尼亚首都内罗毕,一家中国公司正在翻修总统威廉·鲁托就职的体育场,该体育场将作为2027年非洲杯的举办地。Most stadiums are donations from China, or financed through soft loans from Chinese banks. “A soccer stadium is a small price to pay for potentially much larger benefits,” said Simon Chadwick, a professor of sport and geopolitical economy at the Skema Business School in Paris.大多数体育场都是中国捐赠的,或者通过中国一些银行的优惠贷款提供资金。巴黎斯科玛商学院体育和地缘政治经济学教授西蒙·查德威克表示:“对于可能获得的更大利益来说,一座足球场只是很小的代价。”But many African governments have let stadiums that were initially a point of pride fall into disrepair. A Chinese-built stadium in the capital of Gabon, Libreville, has been mostly abandoned since it hosted the final of the Cup of Nations in 2017. The Chinese-built national stadium of the Central African Republic, one of the world’s poorest countries, cannot even host the games of its own national team.但很多非洲政府对这些最初引以为傲的体育场疏于维护。加蓬首都利伯维尔的一座中国建造的体育场自2017年举办非洲杯决赛以来已基本废弃。在世界上最贫穷的国家之一中非共和国,中国建造的国家体育场甚至无法用来举办该国国家队的比赛。科特迪瓦圣佩德罗郊区一片尘土飞扬的田野。大型体育场很受欢迎,但批评者表示,它们并不是这个国家最需要的。科特迪瓦圣佩德罗,地方政府官员发放免费球票,以试图填满中国建造的劳伦·波库体育场内的座位。计划在非洲杯后接手波库体育场的当地俱乐部表示,他们很难将座位填满。Even Ivory Coast’s shiny stadium has imperfections: Its grass field doesn’t extend far enough beyond the playing surface, so organizers have had to patch its perimeter with artificial turf to keep players in cleats from slipping on the adjacent running track.即使是科特迪瓦那座光鲜的体育场也有缺陷:其草地在比赛场地之外延伸过窄,组织者不得不用人造草坪修补外缘,以防止穿着钉鞋的球员在场边的跑道上滑倒。The future of the smaller stadiums built across Ivory Coast also appears uncertain.科特迪瓦各地修建的小型体育场的未来似乎也充满了不确定性。Government officials said local teams would use the infrastructure once the tournament was over, but in the resort town of San Pedro, home to a new 20,000-seat stadium built by a Chinese company, the city’s main soccer club said the facility was too big for its needs.政府官员表示,非洲杯结束后,地方球队将继续使用这些基础设施。但在度假小镇圣佩德罗,当地的主要足球俱乐部表示,中国公司修建的那座可以容纳2万观众的体育场对他们来说太大了。“At best we might manage to fill it at 30 percent,” said Abdelkarim Bouaziz, an executive at F.C. San Pedro, which plays in Ivory Coast’s top league. “But we won’t be able to pay for its maintenance.”圣佩德罗足球俱乐部是科特迪瓦顶级联赛中的一只球队。“最好的情况下我们能填满30%的座位。”该俱乐部官员阿卜杜勒卡里姆·布阿齐兹说。“但我们无法支付其维护费用。”Ivory Coast invested more than $1 billion in the organization of the tournament, but it has also struggled to fill its stadiums’ shiny seats, raising questions about whether it made sense to construct such large venues for a monthlong event.科特迪瓦在非洲杯赛事组织上投入了超过10亿美元,但仍然难以填满体育场内闪亮的座位,这引发了人们对为了为期一个月的赛事建造如此大型的场馆是否合理的疑问。During the opening game, which featured the host nation, the Ouattara stadium was about two-thirds full. In San Pedro, the town hall was recently awash with unsold tickets, which the mayor, Nakaridja Cissé, said she was distributing free in an effort to invite residents into the new arena.在东道主队的揭幕战中,瓦塔拉体育场内大约坐了三分之二的观众。在圣佩德罗,市政厅内最近堆满了未售出的门票,市长纳卡里贾·西塞表示,她正在免费分发这些门票,以邀请居民们踏入这座新的体育场。Ivorian officials say they have a post-tournament strategy for the new or renovated infrastructure. Ousmane Gbané, the head of the National Office for Sports, said local clubs like F.C. San Pedro would finally leave Abidjan, where they have trained and played for years, and use the new facilities. International hotel chains, Mr. Gbané said, had expressed interest in managing the residences built for the tournament’s teams.科特迪瓦官员表示,他们对新建成和那些翻新的基础设施制定了非洲杯后的战略。国家体育办公室主任奥斯曼·巴内表示,像圣佩德罗队这样的当地俱乐部最终会离开他们训练和比赛了多年的阿比让,转而使用新的设施。巴内表示,已有国际连锁酒店对管理为非洲杯球队建造的住所表达了兴趣。“We’ve learned from the mistakes of others,” Mr. Gbané said. In only a few weeks, he said confidently, “the infrastructure we built for Afcon will have a new life.”“我们从其他人的错误中吸取了教训,”巴内说。他自信地表示,几周后,“那些为非洲杯建设的基础设施会获得新的生命”。圣佩德罗,中国建造的劳伦·波库体育场。本文最初发表于2024年2月10日。Abdi Latif Dahir、Tariq Panja和Loucoumane Coulibaly对本文有报道贡献。Elian Peltier是时报驻西非记者,常驻塞内加尔达喀尔。点击查看更多关于她的信息。Joao Silva是时报驻南非摄影记者。点击查看更多关于他的信息。翻译:纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 中国的“体育场外交”给非洲国家带来了什么

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拜登机密文件调查:法律免责,政治噩梦

MICHAEL D. SHEAR2024年2月9日关于在拜登的办公室和特拉华州的住所发现机密文件一事,拜登的律师一年多来一直陈述理由称属于偶然疏忽。 Kent Nishimura for The New York TimesThe decision on Thursday not to file criminal charges against President Biden for mishandling classified documents should have been an unequivocal legal exoneration.周四,针对拜登总统不当处理机密文件一事,对其不予提起刑事诉讼的决定本应是明确的法律免责。Instead, it was a political nightmare.但它却成为了一场政治噩梦。The investigation into Mr. Biden’s handling of the documents after being vice president called him a “well-meaning, elderly man with a poor memory” and described interviews in which he could not recall when he served as vice president, what year his son died or whom he agreed with during policy debates.针对拜登成为副总统后不当处理机密文件的调查将其称为“善意、记忆力差的老人”,并且描述了他在接受问询时的场面,拜登在其中无法记起自己何时担任副总统、其子去世年份,或在政策辩论中他赞同哪一方。The memory of the then-80-year-old president was so hazy during five hours of interviews with the F.B.I. investigators over two days, according to the report by Robert K. Hur, the special counsel, that it would be difficult to convince jurors that Mr. Biden knew his handling of the documents was wrong. Mr. Hur predicted in the report that if the president were charged, his lawyers “would emphasize these limitations in his recall.”据特别检察官罗伯特·许的报告显示,FBI在两天进行的5个小时的问询中,当时80岁的现任总统记忆如此模糊,很难说服陪审员相信拜登当时明知自己不当处理了文件。罗伯特·许在报告中预测,如果总统受到指控,他的律师“将强调他在回忆事件方面的限制。”In part because of Mr. Biden’s memory, Mr. Hur declined to recommend charging the president for what the report described as willful retention of national security secrets, including some documents shared by the president that implicated “sensitive intelligence sources and methods.”针对报告所说有意留存国家安全机密,包括一些总统分享的、带有“敏感情报来源和获取方式”的文件,罗伯特·许拒绝建议对这位总统提起控罪,部分原因是拜登的记忆力。“It would be difficult to convince a jury that they should convict him — by then a former president well into his 80s — of a serious felony that requires a mental state of willfulness,” Mr. Hur wrote.“要说服陪审员,让他们判定一个到时候已经是80多岁的前总统犯下了一系列重罪很难,这些重罪需要一个有意愿的精神状态才能成立,”罗伯特·许写道。In his own statement, Mr. Biden appeared to suggest a reason for why he was distracted.在拜登的声明中,他似乎暗示了自己注意力不集中的原因。“I was so determined to give the special counsel what they needed that I went forward with five hours of in-person interviews over two days on Oct. 8 and 9 of last year, even though Israel had just been attacked on Oct. 7 and I was in the middle of handling an international crisis,” he wrote. “I just believed that’s what I owed the American people.”“我当时决心要给特别检察官他们所需的,因此在去年10月8日和9日,尽管当时以色列刚刚于10月7日遭到袭击,我忙于处理一场国际危机的时候,我仍然在这两天里接受了五个小时的问询,”他写道。“我认为这是我应该为美国人民做的。”The president’s lawyers, Bob Bauer and Richard Sauber, took exception in a Feb. 5 letter with Mr. Hur’s description of the president’s memory.针对罗伯特·许对拜登总统记忆力的描述,总统的律师鲍勃·鲍尔和理查德·索伯在2月5日的一封信里表达了不同意见。“It is hardly fair to concede that the president would be asked about events years in the past, press him to give his ‘best’ recollections and then fault him for his limited memory,” the lawyers wrote. “The president’s inability to recall dates or details of events that happened years ago is neither surprising nor unusual.”“总统会被问到多年前发生的事、迫使他给出自己‘最佳’回忆,然后怪罪于他受限的记忆力,这有欠公平,”律师们写道。“总统未能回忆起日期或多年前发生事件的细节既不令人惊讶,也并非不寻常。”Concerns about Mr. Biden’s age have been a recurring theme of his presidency over the past three years. Fueled in part by video of the president appearing weak or stumbling in public, many voters have expressed concern about his mental and physical fitness as he seeks to remain in the White House until he is 86 years old.在过去三年里,关于拜登年纪的担忧一直是他总统任期中不断出现的主题。在拜登寻求在白宫留任至86岁,一些选民已经表达过对他精神和身体健康的担忧,这在一定程度上是由总统在公开场合看起来身体虚弱或步履蹒跚的视频所推动的。During fund-raisers on Wednesday, Mr. Biden twice recalled a 2021 conversation with Helmut Kohl, the onetime German chancellor, who died in 2017. His spokeswoman later said he misspoke, as many public officials do.在周三的资金筹集活动上,拜登两次回忆道2021年与曾担任过一任德国总理的赫尔穆特·科尔的对话,而后者已于2017年去世。拜登的发言人随后表示他这是口误,就像许多公职人员一样。Mr. Biden has tried to laugh off the issue, insisting that with age comes wisdom. And his aides have repeatedly insisted that despite how the president sometimes comes across in public, he remains sharp and tireless when he is in private, in discussions with aides or in meetings with foreign leaders.拜登试图对这个问题一笑置之,坚称智慧随着年纪增长。他的顾问也多次坚称,不论这位总统有时的公开形象看起来如何,但他私下在与顾问讨论问题或与外国领导人的会面中仍然十分敏锐,不知疲倦。But the report released on Thursday challenges those descriptions, not by relying on short snippets of Mr. Biden posted to social media but rather on hourslong interactions with the president in controlled settings. And the descriptions of his memory were more vivid than what is normally found in legal documents like the one released on Thursday.但周四公布的报告挑战了上述说法,这不是通过拜登在社交媒体上发布的寥寥几句,而是在受控环境下与这位总统数小时的互动。此外,对其记忆力的描述也比通常会在法律文件中看到的要生动地多(就像周四公布的这份一样)。Mr. Biden’s political rivals, including former President Donald J. Trump, who has had his own string of unforced gaffes, are certain to seize on the detailed conclusions in the report as evidence that he is too frail to lead the country for another five years.包括前总统特朗普(他也曾有过一系列自发的失态行为)在内,拜登的政敌肯定会抓住这份报告中细节详尽的结论,将其作为拜登身体过于虚弱无法再次领导这个国家五年的证据。In the report, Mr. Hur wrote that in a 2017 recorded conversation between Mr. Biden and the ghostwriter for his book, Mr. Biden struggled to “remember events” and was “straining at times to read and relay his own notebook entries.” Mr. Hur said that the interviews in 2023 with investigators were even worse.罗伯特·许在报告中写道,在2017年拜登与他回忆录的代笔人之间的一段对话录音中,拜登“回忆事件”时感到吃力,“有时艰难地阅读和转述自己的笔记本条目”。罗伯特·许说,拜登2023年与调查人员的面谈情况更糟。前马里兰州检察官罗伯特·许被任命为调查拜登不当处理机密文件一案的特别检察官。“He did not remember when he was vice president, forgetting on the first day of the interview when his term ended (‘if it was 2013 — when did I stop being vice president?’), and forgetting on the second day of the interview when his term began (‘in 2009, am I still vice president?’),” the report said. “He did not remember, even within several years, when his son Beau died.”“他不记得自己是什么时候担任副总统的,在采访的第一天就忘记了自己的任期是什么时候结束的(‘如果是2013年——我是什么时候不再担任副总统的?’),在采访后的第二天又忘记了自己的任期是什么时候开始的(‘2009 年,我还是副总统吗?’)报告写道。“他甚至没过几年,就记不清他的儿子博·拜登是什么时候去世的。”Mr. Hur was nominated by Mr. Trump to be the U.S. attorney in Maryland, but was later chosen by Attorney General Merrick Garland to lead the investigation into Mr. Biden’s handling of classified documents.罗伯特·许曾被特朗普提名为美国马里兰州检察官,但后来被司法部长梅里克·加兰选中,领导对拜登处理机密文件一案的调查。Mr. Biden’s lawyers have been arguing for more than a year that the discovery of classified documents at Mr. Biden’s offices and Delaware home was no more than accidental oversight, and certainly not criminal behavior like the 37 felony charges brought against Mr. Trump for his handling of classified material after leaving office.拜登的律师一年多来一直辩称,在拜登的办公室和特拉华州的家中发现机密文件不过是意外疏忽,肯定不是像特朗普因卸任后对机密材料的处理而被控37项重罪那样的犯罪行为。On Thursday, the special counsel came to the same conclusion after reviewing a total of seven million documents, a fact celebrated inside the White House and at the president’s re-election campaign headquarters, where aides are preparing to wage a fierce battle to prevent Mr. Trump’s return to the White House.周四,特别检察官在审查了总计700万份文件后得出了同样的结论,白宫内部和总统竞选连任总部都在庆祝这个结果,总统的助手们正准备展开一场激烈的战斗,阻止特朗普重返白宫。司法部公布的一张照片显示了罗伯特·许报告中的一张照片。But the report refuted the longstanding argument by the president’s lawyers that Mr. Biden never put the nation’s national security at risk. Investigators found documents at Mr. Biden’s home in a “box in the garage, near a collapsed dog crate, a dog bed, a Zappos box, an empty bucket, a broken lamp wrapped with duct tape, potting soil and synthetic firewood.”但报告驳斥了总统律师长期以来的论点,即拜登从未危及国家安全。调查人员在拜登家中的一个“车库里的箱子、一个倒塌的狗箱、一张狗床、一个Zappos盒子、一个空桶、一盏缠着胶带的破灯、盆栽土和合成木柴”附近都找到了文件。While concluding that “the evidence does not establish Mr. Biden’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt,” Mr. Hur nonetheless wrote that Mr. Biden took classified documents and notebooks about Afghanistan with him in 2016 after leaving the vice presidency, and shared some of those documents with his ghostwriter.虽然罗伯特·许得出结论,认为“证据并不能毫无疑问地证明拜登有罪”,但他还是写道,拜登在2016年卸任副总统职位后带走了有关阿富汗的机密文件和笔记本,并给他的代笔人看了其中的一些文件。The tough language by Mr. Hur could set the stage for Mr. Trump and his allies to launch a fresh round of political attacks on Mr. Biden for doing the very same kinds of things Mr. Trump is accused of doing. And it will probably complicate the monthslong effort by Mr. Biden and his advisers to draw sharp distinctions between the actions of the two presidents.罗伯特·许的强硬措辞可能会为特朗普及其盟友对拜登发起新一轮政治攻击创造条件,因为拜登的所作所为与特朗普被指责的行为如出一辙。拜登及其顾问长达数月的努力也可能因此而变得复杂,他们极力指出两位总统的行为之间存在差异。But the most searing political damage is likely to be about Mr. Biden’s age, which many veteran Democrats already believe is the president’s biggest weakness. Some have privately said they worried that something would come along to remind voters about the age issue, including the possibility of a fall or a mental stumble.但最严重的政治伤害可能还是与拜登的年龄问题有关,许多资深民主党人已经认为这是总统最大的弱点。一些人私下表示,他们担心会出现什么事让选民注意到年龄问题,包括摔倒或精神状态出状况的可能性。Republicans began using the report to attack Mr. Biden almost immediately, sometimes going much further than the prosecutor’s actual conclusions.共和党人几乎立即开始利用这份报告攻击拜登,有时甚至比检察官的实际结论更进一步。Senator Marco Rubio, Republican of Florida, said on social media, falsely, that “the special counsel decided not to bring charges against Biden because they believe he has age related dementia.”佛罗里达州共和党参议员马可·卢比奥在社交媒体上错误地宣称,“特别检察官决定不对拜登提出指控,因为他们认为他患有老年痴呆症。”In some ways, Thursday’s report was the worst of all worlds: an official description of Mr. Biden behind the scenes, suggesting that with age come stumbles.从某种程度上说,周四的报告是最糟糕的结果:官方对拜登幕后状况的描述表明,随着衰老,他的确会磕磕绊绊。Michael D. Shear是《纽约时报》驻白宫记者,报道拜登总统和他的政府。他从事政治报道已有30多年。点击查看更多关于他的信息。翻译:Annie Xu、Ziyu Qing点击查看本文英文版。  https://feedx.run

Source: 拜登机密文件调查:法律免责,政治噩梦

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General News 经济新闻 / 为何硅谷科技巨头仍然在裁员
« on: February 16, 2024, 06:02:00 PM »
为何硅谷科技巨头仍然在裁员

TRIPP MICKLE2024年2月7日今年1月,微软对其视频游戏部门进行了裁员。 Ruth Fremson/The New York TimesAfter a year of big layoffs, job cuts at the tech industry’s largest companies trickled into the first month of 2024.经历了一年的大规模裁员之后,科技行业最大几家公司裁员工作在2024年的第一个月悄然展开。Google started the year with layoffs of several hundred employees and a promise of more cuts to come. Amazon followed by trimming hundreds of jobs in its Prime Video department. Meta quietly thinned out middle management. Microsoft also cut 1.900 jobs in its video game division.今年年初,谷歌裁员数百人,并指出将进一步裁员。随后,亚马逊在Prime视频部门裁减了数以百计个工作岗位。Meta悄悄地精简了中层管理人员。微软也在视频游戏部门裁员1900人。The layoffs continued even as sales and profits jumped and share prices spiked. That disconnect, tech insiders and analysts say, is reflective of an industry facing two big challenges: coming to terms with frenetic work force expansion during the pandemic while also making an aggressive move into building artificial intelligence.尽管销售额和利润大幅增长,股价飙升,裁员仍在继续。科技业内人士和分析人士表示,这种反差反映了行业面临的两大挑战:一方面要适应疫情期间疯狂的劳动力扩张,另一方面要积极进军人工智能领域。Now, instead of hiring thousands of people every quarter, the companies are spending billions to build A.I. technology that they believe could one day be worth trillions.现在,这些公司不再每个季度招聘数千员工,而是投入数十亿美元开发人工智能技术,他们认为这些技术有朝一日可能价值数万亿美元。Mark Zuckerberg, the chief executive of Meta, said in a call with analysts last week that his company had to lay off employees and control costs “so we can invest in these long-term, ambitious visions around A.I.” He added that he had come to realize that “we operate better as a leaner company.”Meta的首席执行官马克·扎克伯格上周在与分析师的电话会议上表示,他的公司必须裁员并控制成本,“这样我们才能投资于这些围绕人工智能的长期、雄心勃勃的愿景”。他还说,他已经意识到,“我们作为一家更精简的公司,运营得更好”。From the end of 2019 to 2023, tech companies scrambled to keep up with an explosion of consumer demand, as people stuck at home splurged on new computers and spent much more time online. Apple, Amazon, Meta, Microsoft and Alphabet, Google’s parent company, added a total of more than 900,000 jobs.从2019年底到2023年,科技公司争先恐后地跟上消费者需求的爆炸式增长,因为宅在家里的人们纷纷购买新电脑,上网时间也大大增加。苹果、亚马逊、Meta、微软和谷歌的母公司Alphabet总共增加了90多万个就业岗位。When that boom ended, they were forced to adjust. Meta, Amazon, Microsoft, Google and Apple cut about 112,000 jobs from their respective peaks in 2021 and 2022. But they were still much bigger and more profitable than before the pandemic began.这一繁荣期结束后,他们被迫进行调整。Meta、亚马逊、微软、谷歌和苹果分别在2021年和2022年削减了约11.2万个工作岗位。但与疫情开始之前相比,它们的规模和利润仍然要大得多。Today, the five companies employ 2.16 million people, 71 percent more than they had before the pandemic. Combined, they generated $1.63 trillion in sales in their most recent fiscal years, about 81 percent more revenue than five years earlier.如今,这五家公司雇佣了216万人,比疫情前增加了71%。在最近的一个财政年度里,它们总共创造了1.63万亿美元的销售额,比五年前增长了约81%。Wall Street has rewarded them. Over the past year, Meta, Amazon, Microsoft, Google and Apple have gained nearly $3.5 trillion in market value.华尔街奖励了他们。在过去的一年里,Meta、亚马逊、微软、谷歌和苹果的市值增长了近3.5万亿美元。Employment in the broader tech industry, despite notable cuts at a number of other companies, is still positioned for a rebound. In January, tech delivered its second month of job growth, adding 18,000 workers, according to CompTIA, a technology education and research organization. Its unemployment rate of 3.3 percent is below the national average of 3.7 percent.尽管其他一些公司也有大幅裁员,但整个科技行业的就业仍有望反弹。根据技术教育和研究机构CompTIA的数据,今年1月,科技行业的就业岗位连续第二个月出现增长,增加了1.8万名员工。它的失业率为3.3%,低于3.7%的全国平均水平。“We go through these cycles where you see this intense focus on innovation and then the pendulum swings and there’s an intense focus on the bottom line,” said Tim Herbert, CompTIA’s chief research officer. “But when I read that Amazon is cutting back on Alexa workers or Google is cutting staff on its Pixel phone, it tells me there is a focus on margins. They’re trimming where they can and redeploying resources.”“我们经历了这样的周期,你会看到对创新的强烈关注,然后钟摆摆动,人们会强烈关注收支平衡,”CompTIA首席研究官蒂姆·赫伯特表示。“但当我看到亚马逊正在裁减Alexa员工,或者谷歌正在裁减其Pixel手机的员工时,我就知道,他们关注的是利润率。他们正在尽可能地裁员,并重新部署资源。”Generative artificial intelligence has altered everyone’s business priorities. The technology, which can answer questions, create images and write code, became an overnight sensation after OpenAI’s chatbot, ChatGPT, exploded in popularity.生成式人工智能已经改变了所有人的业务重点。在OpenAI的聊天机器人ChatGPT爆红后,这项可以回答问题、创建图像和编写代码的技术一夜之间引起了轰动。Tech’s biggest companies are rushing to hire engineers to build A.I. systems. Last year, there were 180,000 job postings in the United States related to A.I., including roles in software development, semiconductor engineering and cloud computing, according to CompTIA. The number of A.I. job openings has expanded this year.最大的科技公司都在争相招聘工程师来构建人工智能系统。根据CompTIA的数据,去年美国有18万个与人工智能相关的职位,包括软件开发、半导体工程和云计算方面的职位。今年,人工智能领域的职位空缺有所增加。Those employees are helping Microsoft, Google, Amazon and Meta improve chatbots and build other A.I. systems. Apple is hiring for A.I. engineers, as the company develops its own A.I. offering to release later this year.这些员工正在帮助微软、谷歌、亚马逊和Meta改进聊天机器人,并构建其他人工智能系统。苹果正在招聘人工智能工程师,该公司正在开发自己的人工智能产品,将于今年晚些时候发布。“Our M.O., if you will, has always been to do work and then talk about work and not to get out in front of ourselves,” Tim Cook, the chief executive of Apple, said on a call with analysts last week. “But we’ve got some things that we’re incredibly excited about.”“可以说,我们的做法一直是先做工作,然后再谈论工作,而不是事先就吹嘘。”苹果首席执行官蒂姆·库克上周在与分析师的电话会议上说, “但我们已经有了一些让我们非常兴奋的东西。”The companies are spending billions of dollars on the expensive chips and supercomputers necessary to train and build A.I. systems. By the end of the year, Meta expects to have purchased 350,000 of specialized chips from the chip maker Nvidia, which cost an estimated $30,000 each.这些公司正在花费数十亿美元购买训练和构建人工智能系统所需的昂贵芯片和超级计算机。到今年年底,Meta预计将从芯片制造商英伟达购买35万个专用芯片,每个芯片的成本估计为3万美元。The push into generative A.I. has coincided with cuts elsewhere. Google’s layoffs reduced the number of people working on augmented reality technology. Meta, which laid off nearly 20,000 people last year, has been cutting some of its program managers, who oversee different projects and are responsible for keeping teams on schedule.在推动生成式人工智能发展的同时,其他领域则在裁员。谷歌减少了从事增强现实技术的人数。Meta去年裁掉了近2万人,它一直在裁掉一些项目经理,这些人负责监督不同的项目,并确保团队的工作进度。Over two years, 2020 and 2021, Amazon doubled its work force to 1.6 million employees as it tried to keep up with a surge of e-commerce orders. The hiring included increasing the number of corporate jobs to 380,000 from 200,000. It has since cut about 30,000 corporate jobs and about 50,000 other jobs, according to a person with knowledge of the changes, and its leadership has made clear that those jobs won’t return any time soon.在2020年和2021年的两年时间里,亚马逊的员工人数翻了一番,达到160万人,因为它试图跟上电子商务订单的激增。那次的雇用高潮将企业职位从20万个增加到38万个。据一位知情人士透露,此后该公司削减了约3万个企业职位和约5万个其他职位。该公司领导层明确表示,这些职位不会很快恢复。“We’re looking to hold the line on head count,” Brian Olsavsky, the chief financial officer of Amazon, said during a media call last week.亚马逊首席财务官布莱恩·奥尔萨夫斯基上周在一次媒体电话会议上表示:“我们希望控制员工人数。”After laying off more than a thousand employees in January, Google warned employees that rolling layoffs could continue through the year. The exception would be bringing aboard top engineers, Ruth Porat, chief financial officer of Alphabet, Google’s parent company, said during a call with analysts last week.在1月份解雇了1000多名员工后,谷歌警告员工,滚动裁员可能会持续到今年。谷歌母公司Alphabet的首席财务官露丝·波拉特上周在与分析师的电话会议上表示,引进顶级工程师是个例外。In contrast with its peers, Apple showed restraint with hiring during the pandemic. But last year, as sales of iPhones, iPads and Macs dropped, the company began to shrink its work force. For the first time in at least 15 years, it reported that its total number of employees declined, even as it avoided making major layoffs.与同类公司相比,苹果在疫情期间对招聘采取克制态度。但去年,随着iPhone、iPad和Mac销量下降,该公司开始缩减员工规模。至少15年来,该公司首次报告称其员工总数有所减少,尽管它避免了大规模裁员。The 3,000 fewer jobs that Apple reported at the end of its most recent fiscal year were eliminated largely through attrition, and by encouraging some managers to give tougher annual reviews, according to three people with knowledge of the company’s strategy.据三名了解苹果战略的人士透露,苹果在最近一个财年结束时宣布裁员3000人,主要是通过自然减员,以及鼓励一些管理人员给出更严格的年度评估来实现的。An Apple spokesman declined to comment.苹果发言人拒绝置评。Microsoft is the only tech company that didn’t report a reduction in its total number of employees. The company employed 221,000 people at the end of its 2023 fiscal year, equal to its post-pandemic peak.微软是唯一一家没有报告员工总数减少的科技公司。该公司在2023财年末雇佣了22.1万名员工,与疫情后的峰值持平。Investors have rewarded Microsoft’s stability. Last month, it dethroned Apple as the world’s most valuable company. Its market value is now more than $3 trillion.投资者对微软的稳定给予了回报。上个月,它取代苹果成为世界上最有价值的公司,市值目前超过3万亿美元。Tripp Mickle驻旧金山,为《纽约时报》报道苹果和硅谷。他关注的苹果相关议题包括产品发布、制造问题和政治挑战。他还撰写了有关整个科技行业趋势的文章,包括裁员、生成式人工智能和机器人出租车。点击查看更多关于他的信息。翻译:晋其角点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 为何硅谷科技巨头仍然在裁员

14
中国间谍?一只鸽子被印度“监禁”八个月

MUJIB MASHAL, HARI KUMAR2024年2月7日周二,这只鸽子从兽医院获释,此前它被发现在一个印度港口徘徊,翅膀上有中文。 Anshuman Poyrekar/Hindustan Times, via Associated PressSuspicion of foreign espionage, cursive messages in ancient Chinese, a sensitive microchip — and a suspect that could not be stopped at the border.外国间谍嫌疑、古汉语草书信息、敏感的微型芯片——还有一个在边境无法拦截的嫌犯。Ravindar Patil, the assistant Mumbai police sub-inspector assigned to the case, was scratching his head for answers. But first, he had to find a place to lock up the unusual captive.被指派负责此案的孟买警方助理副督察拉文达尔·帕蒂尔正在绞尽脑汁寻找答案。但首先,他必须找个地方把这个不寻常的嫌犯关起来。So he turned to a veterinary hospital in the Indian metropolis, asking it to retrieve a list of “very confidential and necessary” information about the suspect — a black pigeon caught lurking at a port where international vessels dock.于是,他向这个印度大都市里的一家兽医院求助,让医院提供一份关于嫌犯的“非常机密和必要的”信息清单,而这位嫌犯是一只潜伏在国际船只停靠港口的黑鸽子。“The police never came to check the pigeon,” said Dr. Mayur Dangar, the manager of the hospital.医院的经理马尤尔·丹格医生说:“警察从来没有来看过这只鸽子。”After eight months, the bird was finally set free this week, its innocence of spying for China long confirmed through crack detective work, but the jail doors flung open only after a newspaper report, repeated letters to the police by the veterinary hospital, and intervention from an animal rights group.八个月后,这只鸽子终于在本周获得了自由,它没有为中国从事间谍活动的清白早已通过侦破工作得到证实,但监狱的大门是通过报纸报道、兽医院多次致函警方以及动物保护组织的干预下才打开的。The group, PETA India, celebrated what it called the end of a “wrongful imprisonment.”善待动物组织(PETA)的印度分部庆祝了所谓“错误监禁”的结束。“PETA India handles 1,000 calls a week of animal emergencies, but this was our first case of a suspected spy who needed to be freed,” said Meet Ashar, who leads the organization’s cruelty response division.“印度PETA每周要处理1000个紧急求助电话,但这是我们第一例需要解救的间谍嫌犯,”该组织虐待应对部门的负责人米特·阿什尔说。Mr. Ashar said the case had put the hospital’s staff members in a dilemma: They didn’t want to expose a healthy bird to the sick and injured, but they also couldn’t set it free because “it was such a high-profile case and the charge was so serious.”阿什尔说,这起案件让医院的工作人员进退两难:他们不想让一只健康的鸽子出现在生病或受伤的动物面前,但他们也不能放走它,因为“这是一起如此引人注目的案件,指控如此严重”。It is not the first time that India has feared feathered infiltration, but the latest case was a sign of changing times and threats.这并不是印度第一次担心鸟类渗透,但最新的案件表明时代和威胁都在发生变化。In 2014, the authorities in the Himalayan region of Kashmir, at the center of tense relations between India and Pakistan, arrested a pigeon near the border on similar charges.2014年,位于印度和巴基斯坦关系紧张中心的喜马拉雅地区克什米尔当局以类似罪名在边境附近逮捕了一只鸽子。The bird in Mumbai suggested new twists — it had appeared in a city nowhere near a contested border, and the Chinese writing inked on its wings pointed to a more sophisticated and powerful rival that India has been grappling with in recent years.孟买的这只鸽子暗示着新的转折——它出现在一个不靠近有争议边界的城市,而它翅膀上墨迹斑斑的汉字则指向另一个对手,印度近年来一直在与这个更老练、更强大的对手周旋。Mr. Patil, the 39-year-old sub-inspector, had dealt with two animal cases before in his 12-year career: the death of two dogs, one in a suspected poisoning that required a postmortem, and the other in a road accident. Neither case had geopolitical ramifications.39岁的副督察帕蒂尔在12年的职业生涯中曾处理过两起动物案件:两只狗的死亡,一只疑似中毒,需要进行尸检,另一只死于交通事故。这两起案件都没有地缘政治影响。This time, however, “I had to ask advice from our intelligence colleagues,” he said in a phone interview.但这一次,“我不得不征求情报部门同事的意见”,他在接受电话采访时说。The bird had been spotted by guards with the Central Industrial Security Force, which watches over government facilities like ports. Not the first to cast a critical eye on a pigeon, the duty officer saw this one loitering alone — “it was just sitting there, and it all looked suspicious to them — chip, and ring on the feet,” Mr. Patil said. The guards informed the police.中央工业安全部队的警卫发现了这只鸽子,该部队负责监管港口等政府设施。值班人员通常不会怀疑一只鸽子,但他们看到这只鸽子独自徘徊,“它就坐在那里,他们觉得这很可疑——鸽子身上有芯片,脚上有环,”帕蒂尔说。于是警卫通知了警察。Once Mr. Patil found a place to lock up the bird, the slow work of investigation began. And he started piecing together clues.帕蒂尔找到一个地方把鸽子关起来后就开始了缓慢的调查工作。他开始拼凑线索。The rings on the bird’s legs, including one that had a chip, were sent to the forensic sciences lab.鸟腿上的环,包括一个带有芯片的环,都被送到了法医科学实验室。“The chip had details of the location coding — what it is, where it has come from,” he said.他说:“芯片上有详细的位置编码——它是什么,来自哪里。”“Nothing else turned out suspicious,” he added.“没有发现其他可疑之处,”他还说。He cross-checked the details with information online and concluded that the pigeon was a racing bird from Taiwan. In speaking to the guards at the port, which mostly receives oil vessels bringing crude for refining, he learned that Taiwanese ships were among those that docked there. He deduced that the bird had probably reached Mumbai on one of the ships.帕蒂尔根据网上的信息核对了细节,得出结论:这只鸽子是来自台湾的赛鸽。他在与港口警卫交谈时得知,停靠在这里的船只中有台湾船只。该港口主要停靠运送原油进行提炼的油轮。他推断,这只鸽子很可能是搭上其中一艘船到达孟买的。“It may have been weak and injured, and boarded the ship and off-boarded here,” he said.他说:“它可能身体虚弱,受了点伤,上船后在这里靠了岸。”As for the cursive Chinese writing on the wings?至于翅膀上的汉字草书?“It was not readable,” he said. “Because it came by sea, it may have faded.”“读不了,”他说。“因为是从海上过来的,可能已经褪色了。”Just why the bird remained in lockup for several months after Mr. Patil had completed his investigation is a matter of disagreement. The hospital and PETA say the police were not responsive and had essentially forgotten about the bird. Mr. Patil said the hospital had misread instructions that the pigeon should be freed once in good enough health.至于为什么在帕蒂尔完成调查后这只鸟还被关了几个月,各方都有自己的说法。医院和PETA说警方没有做出回应,基本上已经忘记了这只鸽子。帕蒂尔说,医院误读了指示,即一旦鸽子的健康状况足够好,就应该放了它。The pigeon “looked no different from our pigeons,” Dr. Dangar said, and had done well on a local diet of wheat, millet and rice. So after the police finally responded to inquiries from the hospital and PETA with a “no objection” letter, it was set free on Tuesday.丹格医生说,这只鸽子“看起来和我们的鸽子没什么两样”,而且吃当地的小麦、小米和大米过得很好。因此,在警方最终对医院和PETA的询问做出“无异议”答复后,这只鸽子于周二获释。Asked what he would say if the pigeon’s Taiwanese owners came to claim it, Mr. Patil said the bird had a new home in Indian skies.当被问及如果这只鸽子的台湾主人来认领,他会说些什么时,帕蒂尔表示,这只鸽子在印度的天空有了新家。“Now it belongs to us, here,” Mr. Patil said.帕蒂尔说:“现在,它是我们这里的了。”Mujib Mashal是《纽约时报》南亚分社社长,负责领导印度及其周边地区的报道,包括孟加拉国、斯里兰卡、尼泊尔和不丹。点击查看更多关于他的信息。Hari Kumar是驻新德里的记者,负责报道印度新闻。他从事记者工作已超过20年。点击查看更多关于他的信息。翻译:纽约时报中文网点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 中国间谍?一只鸽子被印度“监禁”八个月

15
特朗普被裁定在干预大选结果案中无豁免权

ALAN FEUER, CHARLIE SAVAGE2024年2月7日前总统特朗普预计将继续向最高法院提出上诉。 Doug Mills/The New York TimesA federal appeals court on Tuesday rejected former President Donald J. Trump’s claim that he was immune from prosecution on charges of plotting to subvert the results of the 2020 election, ruling that he must go to trial on a criminal indictment accusing him of seeking to overturn his loss to President Biden.一家联邦上诉法院周二驳回了前总统特朗普关于他可以免于被指控阴谋颠覆2020年大选结果的主张。他被指控试图推翻输给拜登总统的结果,法院裁定他必须就此刑事起诉接受审判。The unanimous ruling, by a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, handed Mr. Trump a significant defeat. But it was unlikely to be the final word on his claims of executive immunity: Mr. Trump, who is on a path to locking up the Republican presidential nomination, is expected to continue his appeal to the Supreme Court.美国哥伦比亚特区巡回上诉法院由三位法官组成的合议庭做出了一致裁决,这使特朗普遭遇重大挫败。但这不太可能是对其行政豁免权主张的最终裁决:有望锁定共和党总统候选人提名的特朗普将继续向最高法院提起上诉。Still, the panel’s 57-page ruling signaled an important moment in American jurisprudence, answering a question that had never been addressed by an appeals court: Can former presidents escape being held accountable by the criminal justice system for things they did while in office?尽管如此,该合议庭长达57页的裁决仍标志着美国法理学的一个重要时刻,回答了一个上诉法院从未解答过的问题:前总统能否逃脱刑事司法系统对其在任期间所做所为的问责?The question is novel because no former president until Mr. Trump had been indicted, so there was never an opportunity for a defendant to make — and courts to consider — the sweeping claim of executive immunity that he put forward.这个问题很新颖,因为在特朗普之前,还没有前总统被起诉过,所以从来没有机会让一名被告去提出特朗普提出的关于行政豁免权的全面主张,法院也从来没有机会去考虑这一问题。The panel, composed of two judges appointed by Democrats and one Republican appointee, said in its decision that, despite the privileges of the office he once held, Mr. Trump was subject to federal criminal law like any other American.该合议庭由两名民主党任命的法官和一名共和党任命的法官组成,他们在裁决中表示,尽管特朗普曾经拥有总统职位的特权,但和其他美国人一样,他也要遵守联邦刑法。“For the purpose of this criminal case, former President Trump has become citizen Trump, with all of the defenses of any other criminal defendant,” the panel wrote. “But any executive immunity that may have protected him while he served as president no longer protects him against this prosecution.”“就这起刑事案件而言,前总统特朗普已成为公民特朗普,拥有任何其他刑事被告的所有辩护权。”裁决写道。“但是,在他担任总统期间可能对他起到保护作用的任何行政豁免权都不再能保护他免受此次起诉。”The three judges cast Mr. Trump’s immunity claims as a danger to the nation’s constitutional system.三位法官认为,特朗普的豁免权主张是对国家宪法制度的一种威胁。“At bottom, former President Trump’s stance would collapse our system of separated powers by placing the president beyond the reach of all three branches,” they wrote. “Presidential immunity against federal indictment would mean that, as to the president, the Congress could not legislate, the executive could not prosecute and the judiciary could not review. We cannot accept that the office of the presidency places its former occupants above the law for all time thereafter.”“从根本上说,前总统特朗普的立场将使我们的三权分立制度崩溃,因为他将总统置于所有三个分支的管辖范围之外,”他们写道。“总统享有联邦起诉豁免权将意味着,对于总统,国会不能立法,行政部门不能起诉,司法部门不能审查。我们不能接受这样的说法,即总统职位使前任总统在此后的任何时间里都凌驾于法律之上。”A spokesman for Jack Smith, the special counsel who brought the case against Mr. Trump, declined to comment on the decision.对特朗普提起诉讼的特别检察官杰克·史密斯的发言人拒绝对此裁决发表评论。Steven Cheung, a spokesman for Mr. Trump’s campaign, said the former president “respectfully disagrees” with the decision and would appeal it.特朗普竞选团队的发言人史蒂文·张(音)表示,这位前总统“恕难同意”这一决定,并将提出上诉。“If immunity is not granted to a president, every future president who leaves office will be immediately indicted by the opposing party,” Mr. Cheung said. “Without complete immunity, a president of the United States would not be able to properly function.”“如果不给予总统豁免权,今后每一位卸任总统都会立即被对立的党派起诉,”他说。“如果没有完全的豁免权,美国总统将无法正常履行职责。”The panel’s ruling came nearly a month after it heard arguments on the immunity issue from Mr. Trump’s legal team and from prosecutors working for Mr. Smith. While the decision was quick by the standards of a normal appeal, what happens next will be arguably more important in determining not only when a trial on the election subversion charges will take place, but also on the timing of Mr. Trump’s three other criminal trials.在听取了特朗普律师团队和为特别检察官史密斯工作的检察官就豁免权问题进行的辩论近一个月后,合议庭做出了裁决。虽然按照普通上诉的标准,这一裁决是迅速作出的,但接下来发生的事情可以说更为重要,它不仅将决定颠覆选举指控的审判何时进行,还将决定特朗普其他三项刑事审判的时间安排。In addition to the federal indictment charging him with seeking to overturn his election loss in 2020, he faces similar charges brought by a district attorney in Georgia. In a footnote, the panel stressed that its decision did not address the separate question of whether state prosecutors could charge a former president over official actions.除了联邦起诉指控特朗普试图推翻2020年的选举失利之外,他还面临佐治亚州地方检察官提出的类似指控。合议庭在脚注中强调,其裁决并未涉及州检察官是否可以对前总统在任期内的职务行为提出指控这一单独问题。Mr. Smith, the special counsel appointed to oversee the federal prosecutions, has also brought a case in Florida accusing Mr. Trump of mishandling highly sensitive classified documents after leaving office and obstructing efforts to retrieve them. And Mr. Trump is scheduled to go on trial next month in Manhattan on charges related to hush-money payments to a Growth stock and Currency Trading Technique star during the 2016 campaign.被任命监督联邦起诉的特别检察官史密斯还在佛罗里达州提起诉讼,指控特朗普在卸任后对高度敏感的机密文件处理不当,并阻挠政府收回这些文件。特朗普还定于下月在曼哈顿受审,罪名与2016年竞选期间向一名色情明星支付封口费有关。When Mr. Trump first sought to have the federal election case dismissed on grounds of immunity, it was an attempt to expand the protections the Supreme Court had already granted to sitting and former presidents against civil lawsuits concerning their official actions.当特朗普首次以豁免权为由,要求驳回联邦法庭的颠覆选举案时,其目的是试图扩大最高法院已经给予现任和前任总统的保护,这种保护使其免受有关其职务行为的民事诉讼。While not accepting that Mr. Trump’s actions were official — the panel noted that presidents have no constitutionally prescribed role in counting electoral college votes — the judges rejected his arguments about being immune from criminal charges.法官们不承认特朗普的行为是职务行为——合议庭指出,宪法没有规定总统在计算选举人团选票时的职责——同时法官们驳回了他关于免于刑事指控的论点。“We cannot accept former President Trump’s claim that a president has unbounded authority to commit crimes that would neutralize the most fundamental check on executive power — the recognition and implementation of election results,” the judges wrote. “Nor can we sanction his apparent contention that the executive has carte blanche to violate the rights of individual citizens to vote and to have their votes count.”“我们不能接受前总统特朗普的说法,即总统拥有不受限制的权力,可以犯下抵消对行政权力最根本的制约——承认和执行选举结果——的罪行,”法官们写道。“我们也不能认可他的明显论点,即行政部门可以全权侵犯公民个人的投票权和计票权。”The unsigned decision was issued by all three judges: Karen L. Henderson, an appointee of former President George H.W. Bush, and two appointees of President Biden, Judges Florence Y. Pan and J. Michelle Childs.这项未署名的裁决是由三名法官一致做出的:由前总统乔治·H·W·布什任命的卡伦·亨德森法官,由拜登总统任命的弗洛伦斯·潘法官和米歇尔·蔡尔兹法官。During the arguments last month, the judges signaled particular concern after Mr. Trump’s lawyer argued that a former president could avoid criminal prosecution even for ordering SEAL Team 6, an elite group of Navy commandos, to assassinate one of his political rivals unless the Senate had first convicted him at an impeachment trial.在上个月的辩论中,特朗普的律师提出,除非参议院在弹劾审判中首先对他定罪,否则前总统即使下令海豹突击队六分队(一支由海军突击队员组成的精英队伍)暗杀他的一名政治对手,他也可以免受刑事起诉。法官们对此表示尤为关注。The panel rejected the Trump legal team’s arguments about the necessity of an impeachment conviction before bringing criminal charges.合议庭驳回了特朗普法律团队关于在提起刑事指控之前必须先进行弹劾定罪的论点。And in another significant part of their decision, the three appellate judges also circumscribed Mr. Trump’s ability to use further appeals to waste more time and delay the election case from going to trial — a strategy the former president has pursued since the indictment against him was filed in August in Federal District Court in Washington.在判决的另一个重要部分,三位上诉法官还限制了特朗普利用进一步上诉来浪费更多时间并推迟选举案开审的能力——自8月份华盛顿联邦地区法院对他提起诉讼以来,这位前总统一直在采取这一策略。The panel said that Mr. Trump had until Monday to ask the Supreme Court to get involved in the case and continue a stay of all the underlying proceedings. The case was initially put on hold by the trial judge in December.合议庭表示,特朗普必须在周一之前请求最高法院介入此案,并继续暂停所有相关程序。该案最初于12月被初审法官搁置。But the panel imposed a rule designed to discourage Mr. Trump from making an intermediate challenge to the full court of appeals. It said that if Mr. Trump instead took that route, trial preparations could begin again after Feb. 12.但合议庭制定了一项规则,旨在阻止特朗普向上诉法院全体法官提出中间上诉。合议庭表示,如果特朗普采取这一途径,庭审准备工作可在2月12日后重新开始。If the question does reach the Supreme Court, the justices will first have to decide whether to accept the case or to reject it and allow the appeals court’s ruling against Mr. Trump to stand.如果这个问题提交到最高法院,大法官们首先必须决定是接受此案,还是驳回此案,并允许上诉法院作出不利于特朗普的裁决。If they decline to hear the issue, the case would be sent directly back to the trial judge, Tanya S. Chutkan. She scrapped her initial March 4 date for the trial last week, but has otherwise shown every sign of wanting to move the charges toward trial as quickly as possible.如果他们拒绝审理此案,此案将被直接送回初审法官塔尼娅·丘特坎手中。她上周取消了原定于3月4日的庭审,但在其他方面却表现出希望尽快将指控提交庭审的种种迹象。If, however, the Supreme Court does accept the case, the crucial question will become how quickly the justices act in asking for briefs and in scheduling arguments. Should they move rapidly to hear the case and issue a decision, there remains the chance that a trial on the election charges will occur before the general election in November.如果最高法院真的受理此案,关键问题将是大法官们在要求提交辩护状和安排辩论时间方面的行动有多迅速。如果他们迅速审理此案并做出裁决,那么在11月大选之前对选举指控进行庭审的可能性仍然存在。But if the justices take their time, it is possible a trial could be delayed until after the election. If that were to happen and Mr. Trump were to win, he would be in a position to ask his Justice Department to dismiss the case or even seek to pardon himself.但如果大法官们没有迅速行动,审判有可能推迟到大选之后。如果出现这种情况,而特朗普最终胜选,他将有资格要求司法部驳回此案,甚至寻求赦免自己。Even though Mr. Trump put three of the justices on the bench, the Supreme Court has not shown much of an appetite for wading into issues related to his efforts to tinker with the mechanics of American democracy.尽管特朗普任命了三名大法官,但是对于介入特朗普试图篡改美国民主机制有关的问题,最高法院并没有表现出太大的兴趣。But the question of how to handle Mr. Trump’s immunity claim is heading the Supreme Court’s way as it prepares for arguments on Thursday about another momentous question related to the former president: whether he can be disqualified from the ballot for having engaged in an act of insurrection by encouraging his supporters to storm the Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021.面临如何处理特朗普的豁免权主张问题之际,最高法院正准备在周四就另一个与这位前总统有关的重大问题进行辩论:是否可以因他在2021年1月6日鼓动支持者冲击国会大厦的叛乱行为而取消他的竞选资格。Alan Feuer为《纽约时报》报道极端主义和政治暴力,重点关注涉及1月6日国会大厦袭击和针对前总统特朗普的刑事案件。点击查看更多关于他的信息。Charlie Savage撰写有关国家安全和法律政策的文章。点击查看更多关于他的信息。翻译:Ziyu Qing、Sammi Zheng点击查看本文英文版。

Source: 特朗普被裁定在干预大选结果案中无豁免权

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